Alstad, D.N. 1998 Population structure and the conundrum of local adaptation.. Genetic Structure and Local Adaptation in Natural Insect Populations: Effects of Ecology, Life History, and Behavior. Chapman & Hall New York xix + 449 pp.

Notes: Nuculaspis californica is a parasite of Pinus ponderosa and 11 other species; review and discussion of theory that these scale populations apparently become adapted to specific host individuals, and population densities can become high only with genetic fitness of the population to the host species and individual; viability of neutral drift hypothesis.