Abell, K.J., Gwiazdowski, R.A., Normark, B.B., Kamata, N., & van Driesche, R.G. 2016 The scale and parasitoid community on native hemlocks in Japan. Biological Control 100: 7-17
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Notes: Elongate hemlock scale density can be several orders of magnitude higher in the United States than in its native Japan despite the presence of the parasitoid Encarsia citrina (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) in both locations. Six armored scale species were found on hemlock in Japan. Using two gene loci (28S-D2 and COI), 18 identified or putative species of parasitoids were reared from these six armored scale species. The hemlock scale parasitoids found in this study provide many potential biological control candidates should management of EHS or other hemlock scales become necessary in the future.
