Valid Names Results

Pulvinariella mesembryanthemi is now Pulvinaria mesembryanthemi (Vallot, 1829) (Coccidae: Pulvinaria)

Nomenclatural History

Coccus mesembryanthemi Vallot 1829: 31. Type data: FRANCE: Dijon, Botanic Gardens, on Mesembryanthemum coccineum and M. acinaciforme.. Syntypes, female, accepted valid name Notes: Type material probably lost; D. Matile-Ferrero, 1992 personal communication to Yair Ben-Dov.
Calypticus mesembrianthemi Costa 1844: 273. Type data: ITALY: Napoli, Posilipo beach, on Mesembryanthemum acinaciforme.. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Fernal1903, 136). Notes: Type material probably lost (Pellizzari Scaltriti, personal communication, 1990).
Pulvinaria biplicata Targioni Tozzetti 1868: 34. replacement name that is unjustified (discovered by BenDov1993, 270).
Pulvinaria mesembrianthemi (Costa, 1844); Signoret 1873a: 39. misspelling of species epithet
Icerya mesembryanthemi Peringuey 1893: 52. Type data: SOUTH AFRICA: Cape Peninsula, on Mesembryanthemum edule.. Syntypes, larva, junior synonym (discovered by Lindin1935a, 145). Notes: Type material probably lost (Ben-Dov, 1993).
Pulvinaria mesembrianthemi (Costa, 1844); Hall 1923: 40. misspelling of species epithet
Pulvinariella mesembryanthemi (Vallot, 1829); Borchsenius 1953: 287. change of combination
Pulvinaria mesembrianthemi (Costa, 1844); Bytinski-Salz 1966: 30. misspelling of species epithet Notes: Incorrect citation of "Dougl." as author.
Calypticus mesembryanthemi (Vallot, 1829); Gill 1988: 89. misspelling of species epithet
Pulvirariella mesembrianthemi (Costa, 1844); Tang 1991: 281. misspelling of species epithet
Pulvinaria mesembryanthemi (Vallot, 1829); Ben-Dov 1993: 270. revived combination (previously published)
Pulvinariella mesembrianthemi (Costa, 1844); Camacho & Chong 2015: 13. misspelling of species epithet

Common Names

iceplant scale BenDov1993 Gill1988

Ecological Associates

Hosts:

Families: 2 | Genera: 7

Aizoaceae

Carpobrotus | Hodgso1994a HodgsoHe2000 MatsunHoKu2019 QinGu1992 Russo1995
Carpobrotus acinaciformis | Balach1933e Borg1932 Melis1930 Marott1987 | (= Mesembryanthemum acinaciforme),
Carpobrotus chilensis | Marott1987
Carpobrotus edulis | DeLott1967b Hodgso1994a QinGu1992 Balach1927 Brain1920a Jansen1995 LongoMaPe1995
Disphyma australe | HodgsoHe2000
Disphyma crassifolium | Marott1987
Lampranthus | HodgsoHe2000 MatsunHoKu2019
Lampranthus glaucus | QinGu1992
Lampranthus roseus | MatsunHoKu2019
Mesembryanthemum | Balach1927 Kozar1986 Argyri1983 Brain1920a DeLott1967b Hall1922 Hall1932 Hodgso1967a KfirRo1980 Balach1931a Balach1933e GomezM1946 Marott1987 QinGu1992 Granar1999 Jansen1995 KozarPaPa1991
Mesembryanthemum cordifolium | UlgentErYa2022 | (=Aptenia cordifolia)
Mesembryanthemum crystallinum | HodgsoHe2000 QinGu1992
Ruschia rigidicaulis | Marott1987
Sesuvium portulacastrum | QinGu1992

Amaranthaceae

Atriplex vesicaria | QinGu1992

Foes:

Families: 2 | Genera: 3

Aphelinidae

Coccophagus lycimnia | ZappalSi2008
Coccophagus neserorum | AnneckMy1979a | (= Prococcophagus neserorum)
Coccophagus scutellaris | Balach1930e
Coccophagus semicircularis | ZappalSi2008

Encyrtidae

Metaphycus flavus | ZappalSi2008
Metaphycus helvolus | ZappalSi2008
Metaphycus stanleyi | GuerriNo2000
Microterys anneckei | Prinsl1975
Microterys nietneri | Balach1930e ZappalSi2008

Geographic Distribution

Countries: 30

Algeria | Balach1927

Argentina

Buenos Aires | Granar1999

Australia

Australian Capital Territory | QinGu1992
New South Wales | QinGu1992
Queensland | QinGu1992
South Australia | QinGu1992
Tasmania | QinGu1992
Western Australia | QinGu1992

Canary Islands | GomezM1967O

Chile | AmouroCrCo2019

Los Lagos | KondoGu2010

Corsica | Foldi2003

Crete | Argyri1983 KozarPaPa1991 PellizPoSe2011

Egypt | EzzatHu1969 Hall1922

France | Balach1931a Balach1933e Foldi2000 Jansen1995 LongoMaPe1995

Greece | Argyri1983

Hawaiian Islands

Hungary | Kozar2005

Israel | KfirRo1980

Italy | LongoMaPe1995 Marott1987

Sicily | Marott1987

Kenya | WatsonOuKa2021

Madeira Islands | FrancoRuMa2011

Malta | Borg1932

Netherlands | Jansen1995

New Zealand | HodgsoHe2000

Three Kings Islands | HodgsoHe2000

Portugal | FrancoRuMa2011

Romania | Savesc1982

Sardinia | Marott1987 Melis1930

Slovenia | Seljak2008 Seljak2010

South Africa | Brain1920a DeLott1967b Hodgso1994a

Spain | GomezM1946 GomezM1954 GomezM1960O Jansen1995 LongoMaPe1995

Swaziland (=Eswatini) | DeLott1967b

Turkey | CebeciSe2004 KaydanUlEr2007

United Kingdom

Scilly Isles | BenDov1993

United States

California | Gill1988

Zimbabwe | Hall1932 Hodgso1967a

Keys

Hodgso2020: pp.221-223 ( Adult (M) ) [Coccidae species]
MohammMo2013: pp.146-148 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species and subspecies of family coccidae in Egypt]
KondoGu2010: pp.13-14 ( Adult (F) ) [Coccidae species of Chile]
HodgsoHe2000: pp.212 ( Adult (F) ) [New Zealand]
Gill1988: pp.85 ( Adult (F) ) [USA, California]

Remarks

Systematics: P. mesembryanthemi and Pulvinaria delottoi are almost morphologically identical, but with different feeding habits and life cycle duration: P. mesembryanthemi prefers younger leaves and has two reproductive events per year, while P. delottoi usually feeds on older leaves and has one generation per year in Southern California. Pairwise distances between the studied populations in South Africa were quite high in some cases, suggesting that P. mesembryanthemi is a cryptic species complex. The exotic populations of P. mesembryanthemi included in the analysis did not show any variability between populations for the two sequenced gene fragments, even when comparing populations from Europe and Oceania. The absence of genetic variability for the studied genes suggest that there was one single genotypic and geographic origin from South Africa of the different exotic populations of the insect, from where it expanded to the different areas, and that they have not diverged since then. Although Borchsenius (1953) designated this as the type species his genus Pulvinariella, his division of the genus Pulvinaria has been controversial. Most recent authors have chosen to follow Gill (1988), Ben-Dov (1993) and Hodgson & Henderson (2000) and returned the species that were placed in Pulvinariella to Puvinaria.
Structure: See colour photograph in Gill (1988), Hodgson (1994a) and Hodgson & Henderson (2000).
Biology: Washburn & Washburn (1985) studied the life history in California, USA. Washburn & Frankie (1984) showed that first instar crawlers exhibit active aerial dispersal behaviour. mesembryanthemi can have up to two generations per year in NW Spain. This scale insect achieves its maximum density in summer and drastically drops in winter. Nevertheless, a benign microclimate allowed the maintenance of high densities throughout the year in one location (i.e. Mera). The density of the insect was climate dependent, being favoured by high temperatures and low precipitation. At high densities, P. mesembryanthemi increased the proportion of plant necromass. However, P. mesembryanthemi was subjected to parasitism and predation, which could limit population growth. This may be inconvenient if this scale insect is used as a biocontrol agent of Carpobrotus spp. Ants (which are potential mutualists of scales) were linked to P. mesembryanthemi presence, and seemed to decrease parasitism. (Vieites-Blanco, et al., 2020)
Economic Importance: A potential pest to Aizoaceous ground covers in California, USA (Donaldson et al., 1978). It may also be used as a biocontrol agent for the weedy ice plants of the genus Carpobrotus (Aizoaceae) in the coastal regions of Spain, (Kondo & Gullan, 2022)
General Remarks: Good description and illustration of adult female by De Lotto(1967b), Hodgson (1967a, 1968, 1994a), Gill (1988), Granara de Willink (1999) and by Hodgson & Henderson (2000).

Illustrations

Citations

AbdRabEv2021: distribution, host, 30
AmouroCrCo2019: distribution, natural enemies, 12
AmouroCrGe2017: DNA sequencing, phylogenetics, phylogeny, 2-9
AnneckMy1979a: biological control, distribution, host, 292-293
Argyri1983: distribution, host, 364
Balach1927: distribution, host, 185
Balach1930e: biological control, distribution, host, 219-220
Balach1931a: distribution, host, 100
Balach1932d: distribution, host, LVIII
Balach1933e: distribution, host, 5
BenDov1993: catalog, 270-271
BenDov2012: catalog, distribution, host, 27,
BenDovSa2015: distribution, host, 313
Borchs1957: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 253-254
Borg1932: distribution, host, 15
Brain1920a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 20-21
Buchne1965: structure, taxonomy, 235
Buckle1987: ecology, life history, 53-85
Bytins1966: distribution, host, taxonomy, 30
CamachCh2015: life history, 2
CamachCh2015: distribution, host, 8
CamachCh2015: distribution, ecology, host, 13
CarnerPe1986: distribution, host, 19
CebeciSe2004: distribution, host, 214
Cendan1937: biological control, 337-339
Cocker1896b: distribution, host, 329
Comper1938: biological control, 315-337
Costa1844: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 273-276
DahlstHa1999: economic importance, 919-933
DeLott1967b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 793-794,809
DonaldMoKo1978: distribution, economic importance, host, 4-7
DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 114
EzzatHu1969: taxonomy, 420
EzzatNa1987: distribution, host, 86
Fernal1903b: 136
Foldi2000: distribution, host, 82
Foldi2003: distribution, host, 150
FoldiGe2018: distribution, 9
FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 7,23
FrankiHa1986: biological control, distribution, host, 1-44
Gill1988: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 89-90,99
GillKo1997: distribution, economic importance, host, 161-163
GomezM1937: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 283-284
GomezM1946: distribution, host, 88
GomezM1954: distribution, host, 137
GomezM1960O: distribution, host, 200
GomezM1967O: distribution, host, 134
Gonzal2016: distribution, 193, 195, 218-219
Granar1999: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 152-154
GranarCl2003: distribution, host, 625-637
Hall1922: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 21
Hall1923: distribution, host, taxonomy, 40
Hall1932: distribution, host, 193
Hodgso1967a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 203-205
Hodgso1968: distribution, host, 164-166
Hodgso1994a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 506-509
Hodgso2020: key, 222
HodgsoHe2000: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 212-219
Jansen1995: distribution, host, 134,141
JansenAl2023: destructor, host, 23
KaydanUlEr2007: catalog, distribution, host, 92
KfirRo1980: biological control, distribution, host, 118
KondoGu2010: distribution, host, 13
KondoGu2022: economic importance, illustration, 2,3
KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 12
Kozar1986: distribution, host, 172
KozarKoFe2013: distribution, taxonomy, 53
KozarPaPa1991: distribution, host, 65
KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 78
Leonar1920: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 337-339
Lindin1912b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 211
Lindin1935: taxonomy, 145
LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 124
Marott1987: distribution, host, life history, 108
Martin1984MP: distribution, host, 75
MatsunHoKu2019: distribution, host, 8
MazzeoSuRu2008: distribution, host, 149-152
Melis1930: distribution, host, 15
MifsudMaRu2014: distribution, host, 505
MillerWi1990: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 352
MohammGh2008: distribution, 150
MohammMo2013: distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 148, 155
Newste1903: description, distribution, host, taxonomy,
Paoli1915: distribution, host,
Pelliz2011: distribution, 311
PellizChMi2015: distribution, 60,72
PellizPoSe2011: distribution, host, 294,297
Pering1893: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 52
Prinsl1975: biological control, 19-37
QinGu1992: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 138-141
Quinta1956a: biological control, distribution, host, taxonomy, 75-110
Reh1903: distribution, host, 460
RodrigNoSo2022: distribution, ecology, host,
Russo1995: distribution, host, 347
SalisbMa2017: distribution, host, 146
Seljak2008: distribution, host, 121-127
Seljak2010: distribution, host, 106
Signor1869: catalog, taxonomy, 845,861
Signor1873: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 39-40
Suh2023: distribution, host, 6
Tang1991: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 281-282
Targio1868: taxonomy, 34
TassanHaCa1982: biological control, distribution, host, 16-17
Teodor2018: distribution, history, 40
UlgentCa2004: distribution, host, 79-84
UlgentErYa2022: host, S117
Vallot1829: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 31
VieiraCaPi1983: distribution, host, 104
VieitePaMa2020: behavior, biological control, dispersal, endosymbiont, genetics,
VieiteReLa2020: biological control, distribution, natural enemies,
VieiteReLe2019: biological control, host,
Washbu1984: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 1-148
WashbuFr1985: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 1-24
WashbuWa1984: distribution, host, life history, 1088
Watson2021: distribution, 522
WatsonOuKa2021: distribution, host, 78
Willia1985c: distribution, host, 137
Willia2013: distribution, 190
Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 212
WilliaBe2009: catalog, taxonomy, 31
ZappalSi2008: biological control, distribution, host, 272