Valid Names Results
Paralecanium Cockerell in Cockerell & Parrott, 1899 (Coccidae)Nomenclatural History
- Lecanium (Paralecanium) Cockerell in Cockerell & Parrott 1899: 227. Type species: Lecanium frenchii Maskell by original designation . accepted valid name
- Paralecanium Cockerell in Cockerell & Parrott, 1899; Fernald 1903b: 199. . change in status (level)
- Podoparalecanium Tao, Wong & Chang 1983: 100. Type species: Paralecanium machili Takahashi by monotypy and original designation . junior synonym (discovered by Tang1991: 126-127)
- Podoparalecanium Kosztarab, Ben-Dov & Kosztarab 1986: 13. by present designation . subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of authors.
- Paralecanium Tang 1991: 126. . subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of author.
- Podoparalecanium Hodgson 1994a: 482. by present designation . subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of authors.
Remarks
- Systematics: female Subfamily: Coccinae. Tribe: Paralecaniini.
In 1983, based on the assumption that Paralecanium species have very reduced legs, Tao & Wong (in Tao et al. 1983) transferred two fully-legged species, P. machili Takahashi and P. luzonicum Cockerell to a new genus, Podoparalecanium Tao & Wong, with the former as the type species. However, the type species of Paralecanium, P. frenchii (Maskell) has well-developed legs, so the name Podoparalecanium was made a junior synonym of Paralecanium and was then revised by Hodgson & Williams (2018). Two new genera are introduced, bringing the total number of soft scale genera with fan-like marginal setae to three.
Paralecanium is similar to Insularicoccus and Discochiton in sharing the following character states: setae fan-shaped; (ii) dorsum often more-or-less asymmetrical; (iii) presence of clear areas, although they are not apparent in all species; (iv) margin with ornamentation; (v) spiracular clefts and stigmatic spines characteristically shaped; (vi) ventral setae sparse. Paralecanium can be distinguished from the former genus by (character states of Insularicoccus in brackets): (i) stigmatic spines forming a line along inner margin of each stigmatic cleft, not in an elongate group or extending radially onto dorsum (stigmatic spines in each cleft forming an elongate group of 5 or more, extending radially onto dorsum); and (ii) preopercular pores absent (preopercular pores present in groups submedially on abdomen, each group fused into a compound pore). Paralecanium can be distinguished from Discochiton by (character states of latter genus in brackets): (i) stigmatic rays absent (stigmatic rays present); (ii) each side with 3 radial lines between stigmatic clefts (each side with 5 radial lines present between stigmatic clefts); and (iii) preopercular pores absent (preopercular pores present). (Tan, et al. 2024)
- Structure: Unmounted adult females. Mostly found on the upper leaf surfaces. Body rather flat. Venter strongly adpressed to host so that it is frequently left attached, possibly associated with settling close to a leaf vein, which causes venter to be strongly asymmetrical (particularly in Paralecanium species); dorsum often less asymmetrical. Dorsum mainly shades of brown, usually covered in a very thin, glassy wax test that is probably always divided into polygonal plates. (Hodgson & Williams, 2018) Polygonal plates, probably in 7 or 8 longitudinal lines. Body flat, widest at abdomen and more pointed at anterior end; mostly asymmetrical. (Tan, et al., 2024)
- General Remarks: Definition and characters by Tao et al. (1983), Williams & Watson (1990) and by Hodgson (1994a). Description and illustrations of first-instar nymph, second/third-instar female nymph in Hodgson & Williams, 2018
Keys
- MengXi2022a: pp.421 ( Adult (F) ) [Genera of Paralecaniini]
- HodgsoWi2018: pp.11 ( Adult (F) ) [Genera in the Paralecanium-group]
- Tang1991: pp.127 ( Adult (F) ) [Asia]
- TaoWoCh1983: pp.61 ( Adult (F) ) [Taiwan] Key as: Podoparalecanium
- Kawai1980: pp.146 ( Adult (F) ) [Japan]
- Beards1966: pp.479 ( Adult (F) ) [Micronesia]
- Takaha1950a: pp.48 ( Adult (F) ) [Malaysia]
- Morris1920: pp. ( Adult (F) ) [Philippines]
Associated References
- Ali1971: taxonomy, pp. 36
- Beards1966: description, taxonomy, pp. 479,488
- BenDov1993: catalog, pp. 202, 241
- BenDovHoMi1997: taxonomy, pp. 202
- ChoiSoLe2018: diagnosis, pp. 35-36
- Cocker1902p: taxonomy, pp. 254
- CockerPa1899: description, taxonomy, pp. 227
- Fernal1903b: pp. 199
- Hodgso1994a: description, taxonomy, pp. 482-485,429-432
- HodgsoWi2018: description, diagnosis, distribution, illustration, key, revision, taxonomy, pp. 1-162
- HodgsoWi2018: diagnosis, key, pp. 77-139
- Kawai1980: description, taxonomy, pp. 146
- Koteja1974: taxonomy, pp. 306
- KotejaLi1976: taxonomy, pp. 671
- MengXi2022a: key, pp. 421
- Morris1920: description, taxonomy, pp. 193
- MorrisMo1922: taxonomy, pp. 78-80
- MorrisMo1966: taxonomy, pp. 145
- Steinw1929: description, taxonomy, pp. 239
- Takaha1950a: taxonomy, pp. 48
- TanMeXi2024: diagnosis, taxonomy, pp. 478-479
- Tang1991: description, taxonomy, pp. 126-127
- Tang1991: description, taxonomy, pp. 126-127
- Tao1978: description, taxonomy, pp. 82
- Tao1999: taxonomy, pp. 61
- TaoWoCh1983: description, taxonomy, pp. 100
- Willia2020: taxonomy, pp. 144
- WilliaWa1990: description, taxonomy, pp. 60-61,134
- Yang1982: description, taxonomy, pp. 164
28 Species
- Paralecanium acinaces
- Paralecanium busoense
- Paralecanium calophylli
- Paralecanium claviseta
- Paralecanium comperei
- Paralecanium cypripedium
- Paralecanium elongatum
- Paralecanium frenchii
- Paralecanium geometricum
- Paralecanium hainanense
- Paralecanium leei
- Paralecanium machili
- Paralecanium macrozamiae
- Paralecanium maculatum
- Paralecanium marginatum
- Paralecanium maritimum
- Paralecanium minutum
- Paralecanium morobeense
- Paralecanium neoguineense
- Paralecanium neomaritimum
- Paralecanium ovatum
- Paralecanium pahanense
- Paralecanium palawanense
- Paralecanium peradeniyense
- Paralecanium planum
- Paralecanium sabia
- Paralecanium vacerra
- Paralecanium zonatum
