Valid Names Results

Mercetaspis halli (Green, 1923) (Diaspididae: Mercetaspis)

Nomenclatural History

Lepidosaphes (Coccomytilus) halli Green 1923: 63. Type data: EGYPT: Cairo, on Prunus sp., by W.J. Hall. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; accepted valid name
Lepidosaphes (Coccomytilus) zlocistii Bodenheimer 1924: 54-55. Type data: ISRAEL: Ben Shemen, on Persica vulgaris. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Paris: Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, France; junior synonym (discovered by Balach1954e, 118). Illustr.
Lepidosaphes zlocistii Bodenheimer, 1924; Bodenheimer 1927b: 80. change of combination
Chionaspis zlocistii (Bodenheimer, 1924); Lindinger 1932f: 203. change of combination
Mytilococcus halli (Green, 1923); Lindinger 1936: 159. change of combination
Coccomytilus halli (Green, 1923); Archangelskaya 1937: 76. change of combination
Coccomytilus zlocistii (Bodenheimer, 1924); Archangelskaya 1937: 76. change of combination
Nilotaspis halli (Green, 1923); Ferris 1941d: 301. change of combination
Koroneaspis halli (Green, 1923); Bazarov 1968a: 91. change of combination
Mercetaspis halli (Green, 1923); Danzig 1993: 291-293. change of combination Illustr.

Common Names

Hall scale FosenCrAr1953 Gill1982c
Hall's scale Hewitt1943
Hall scale Blicke1965

Ecological Associates

Hosts:

Families: 5 | Genera: 14

Anacardiaceae

Pistacia khinjuk | Moghad2013a

Fabaceae

Astragalus | Moghad2013a
Caragana | MillerDa2005
Caragana turkestanica | Bazaro1966
Ebenus stellata | Moghad2013a MoghadWa2021

Lythraceae

Punica granatum | Bodenh1953

Polygonaceae

Calligonum caput-medusae | Bodenh1953

Rosaceae

Armeniaca | Borchs1966
Cerasus | Balach1954e
Chaenomeles sinensis | Bodenh1953 | (= Cydonia vulgaris)
Cydonia | MillerDa2005
Cydonia oblonga | Bodenh1953
Malus | Balach1954e Bodenh1953 MillerDa2005
Malus prunifolia | Bodenh1953 Matile1984c
Prunus | Bodenh1953 Green1923 MillerDa2005 Moghad2013a | (= Amygdalus) (= Persica)
Prunus armeniaca | BenDov2012 Bodenh1927b Moghad2013a | (= Armeniaca vulgaris)
Prunus avium | Bodenh1953
Prunus bokhariensis | McKenz1956
Prunus cerasifera | Bodenh1953 | (= Prunus divaricata)
Prunus cerasus | Bodenh1953
Prunus domestica | BenDov2012 Bodenh1953 McKenz1956
Prunus dulcis | BenDov2012 Janjua1959 Korone1934 McKenz1956 | (= Amygdalus communis) (= Prunus amygdalus)
Prunus lycioides | Moghad2013a Moghad2013a | (= Amygdalus lycioides)
Prunus persica | BenDov2012 Bodenh1924 Bodenh1944a Matile1984c | (= Amygdalus persica) (= Persica vulgaris)
Prunus reuteri | Moghad2013a
Prunus scoparia | Moghad2013a | (= Amygdalus scoparia)
Prunus spinosa | Moghad2013a
Pyrus | Matile1984c MillerDa2005
Pyrus communis | Bodenh1953
Pyrus salicifolia | BatsanKaKi2017
Spiraea | MillerDa2005
Spiraea veitchii | McKenz1956

Foes:

Families: 8 | Genera: 8

Aphelinidae

Aphytis paramaculicornis | FallahJa2010

Cheyletidae

Cheletogenes ornatus | MoghadWa2021

Cybocephalidae

Cybocephalus | Kartma1946
Cybocephalus californicus | HertinSi1972 Kartma1946

Encyrtidae

Habrolepis pascuorum | YousefVaEb2018

Phlaeothripidae

Haplothrips cahirensis | HertinSi1972 PriesnHo1940

Phytoseiidae

Neoseiulus bicaudus | MoghadWa2021

Pteromalidae

Pachyneuron muscorum | YousefVaEb2018

Tydeidae

Tydeus longisetosus | MoghadWa2021

Geographic Distribution

Countries: 20

Afghanistan | Bodenh1953 KozarFoZa1996 MillerDa2005

Crete | PellizPoSe2011 Podsia1983a

Cyprus | Georgh1977

Egypt | Green1923 MillerDa2005

Georgia (Republic of) | BatsanKaKi2017 Hadzib1983

Greece | Korone1934 MillerDa2005

Iran | Balach1954e KozarFoZa1996 MillerDa2005

Iraq | Bodenh1943

Israel | BenDov2012 Bodenh1924

Jordan | BenDov2006a

Pakistan | Janjua1959 KazimiGh1964

Russia | Balach1954e

Saudi Arabia | Matile1984c

Syria | MillerDa2005 Nakaha1982

Tajikistan (=Tadzhikistan) | Bodenh1953

Turkey | Bodenh1949 MillerDa2005

Turkmenistan | Bodenh1953

USSR | MillerDa2005

United States

California | Bodenh1953 MillerDa2005

Uzbekistan | Bodenh1953

Keys

MoghadWa2021: pp.170 ( Adult (F) ) [Mercetaspis in Iran]
MillerDa2005: pp.29-31 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
MillerDa2005: pp.20 ( Adult (F) ) [Armored Scales]
Danzig1993: pp.291 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Mercetaspis]
BazaroSh1971: pp.74 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Nilotaspis] Key as: Nilotaspis halli
Ezzat1958: pp.244 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Nilotaspis] Key as: Nilotaspis halli
Balach1954e: pp.118 ( Adult (F) ) [Tableau des espèces du g. Nilotaspis Green] Key as: Nilotaspis halli
Borchs1950b: pp.190 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Nilotaspis] Key as: Nilotaspis halli

Remarks

Structure: Female scale cover mytiliform, light brown; exuviae terminal. Slide-mounted adult female oval, mostly membranous, but head sometimes becoming sclerotized at maturity. Antennae each with 3 setae. Anterior spiracles each associated with 3 or 4 disc pores; posterior spiracles each associated with 0‒2 disc pores. Pygidium with median lobes (L1) only, each lobe rounded, symmetrical; median pair of gland spines longer than L1.Male scale cover similar to female but smaller. (moghaddam & Watson, 2021)
Biology: In California, Nilotaspis halli has one full and one partial generation per year. Overwinters as adult females (Gill, 1997 & Fosen et al., 1953). In Israel there are population peaks of crawlers in April, June-July, and September-October suggesting that there are 3 generations per year (Berlinger et al. 1984). The gravid adult females are the overwintering stage and males are reported (Fallek et al. 1988). Fosen et al. (1953) found non-gravid females as the overwintering stage in California. They indicated that crawlers began to emerge in April or late March; the first molt took place in mid-May, adult female and males were present in late June, gravid females were present in late July, and by mid-October all stages could be located. Based on this information they concluded that there was at least a partial second generation. (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
Economic Importance: Miller & Davidson (1990) list this insect as a pest. Fosen et al. (1953) considered this to be a potentially serious pest of fruit trees. This species was considered to be a serious enough pest that when it was first detected in California a major eradication program was implemented (Fosen et al. 1953). Ebeling (1959) believed that Hall scale would become more serious on almonds than on either San Jose scale or European fruit lecanium if it were not eradicated from California. Fosen et al. (1953) suggested that the most important injury by this pest results from infestation of the fruit, where it makes conspicuous blotches especially on peaches. In Israel, settling sites of Hall scale develop pits and red spots on the skin of ripe fruit and are an economic problem on peaches and nectarines (Berlinger et al. 1984). Hall scale is considered to be an important pest in the southern part of the Palearctic region, especially on stone fruits (Kozár 1990). It is mentioned as a serious pest in Tadzhikistan by Bazarov (1962). Miller and Davidson (1990) consider it to be a serious pest of a small area of the world. (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
General Remarks: Detailed description and illustration by Gill (1997).

Illustrations

Citations

AbdRabEv2021: distribution, host, 36
AhmadGh1972: distribution, host, 90
AlimdzBr1956: distribution, 153
Archan1937: distribution, host, taxonomy, 76-78, 115, 140, 141
AyazUlOz2015: distribution,
Babaev1980: distribution, host, 59
Balach1954e: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 117-121
BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 260
Bazaro1966: distribution, host, 85
Bazaro1968a: distribution, host, 91-92
Bazaro1969: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 33-34
BazaroSh1971: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 73, 76-78, 84
BenDov2012: catalog, distribution, host, 31, 43
BenDovHa1986: distribution, host, taxonomy, 29
BerlinDaBe1983: chemical control, description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 722-725
BerlinFaDa1996: distribution, economic importance, host, life history, 1453-1459
Blicke1965: taxonomy, 294, 312
Bodenh1924: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 54-55
Bodenh1927b: distribution, host, 80
Bodenh1930a: distribution, host, 238
Bodenh1935: distribution, 248
Bodenh1935c: distribution, 1156
Bodenh1937: distribution, host, 218
Bodenh1943: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 8
Bodenh1944a: distribution, host, 82
Bodenh1949: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 135-137
Bodenh1952: distribution, host, 342
Bodenh1953: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 24-27
Bodenh1953a: distribution, 158
BodenhTh1929: distribution, host, taxonomy, 109-110, 116
Borchs1937: distribution, host, taxonomy, 186
Borchs1949d: distribution, host, taxonomy, 212
Borchs1950b: distribution, taxonomy, 190
Borchs1963a: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 22, 78, 134, 146, 17
Borchs1966: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 76
Borchs1973: distribution, host, taxonomy, 78, 134, 146, 175
BorchsMa1955: taxonomy, 230
Bustsh1960: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 177
CiftciBo2021: distribution, host, 239
Danzig1972: distribution, host, taxonomy, 217
Danzig1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 291-293
DanzigPe1998: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 306-307
Doutt1954a: distribution, host, 39
DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 116
Ebelin1959: distribution, economic importance, host, 354
ErlerKoTu1996: distribution, host, 58
Ezzat1958: distribution, taxonomy, 244
FallahJa2010: host, natural enemies, 303
Ferris1941d: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, SIII-300, SIII-301
Ferris1942: taxonomy, SIV-446:57
Fleury1934a: distribution, host, 287
FosenCrAr1953: chemical control, description, economic importance, host, life history, 1-16
Gavril2018: reproduction, 241
Georgh1977: distribution, host, 152
GhabboMo1996: description, distribution, host, 351
Gill1982c: distribution, host, illustration, 1
Gill1997: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 202-203
GomezM1956: distribution, host, taxonomy, 95
Green1923: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 63
Hadzib1983: distribution, host, taxonomy, 177, 178, 274
Hall1923: distribution, host, 29, 59
Hall1926a: taxonomy, 37
Hall1946a: taxonomy, 524
HertinSi1972: biological control, 186
Hewitt1943: taxonomy, 266
Hunt1939: distribution, host, 565
Janjua1959: distribution, economic importance, host, 237, 248
Kartma1946: biological control, 814
Kaussa1955: distribution, host, 19
KazimiGh1964: distribution, host, 37
Kiritc1932a: taxonomy, 251
KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 18
KonstaKoJa1984: distribution, host, 351
Korone1934: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 78-79, 81, 83
Kozar1982: distribution, 93
KozarFoZa1996: distribution, 68
KozarKo1981: distribution, 214, 221
KozarKo1981a: distribution, 128
KozarKoAk1979: distribution, host, 537-539
KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 85
KozarYaKo1982: distribution, 335
Lashin1956: distribution, host, taxonomy, 130
Lindin1932f: taxonomy, 203
Lindin1936: distribution, taxonomy, 159
Mackie1935: distribution, 41
Matile1984c: distribution, host, 222
McKenz1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 33, 135
MillerDa1990: economic importance, taxonomy, 304
MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, 288
MilonaKoKo2008a: distribution, 143-147
Moghad2004: distribution, host, 27
Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 42
MoghadTa2010: distribution, 37
MoghadWa2021: diagnosis, economic importance, illustration, key, natural enemies, taxonomy, 170, 172, 174, 247
Nakaha1982: distribution, host, taxonomy, 60
Palouk1984: distribution, 353
PellizChMi2015: distribution, 62,68
PellizPoSe2011: distribution, host, 295
Podsia1983a: distribution, host, 274
PriesnHo1940: distribution, 67
Ramase1985: distribution, host, 23
RouhanVaMa2018a: distribution, host, 3
Seghat1977: distribution, host, 15
ShirazVaMi2013: distribution, host, 1382
Silves1939: distribution, host, 812
SismanUl2010: distribution, host, 222
UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S120
Varshn2002: distribution, host, 52
Watson2001: list, 177
Watson2002: taxonomy, 117
Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 224, 235
YigitTu2020: distribution, economic importance, host,
YousefVaEb2018: natural enemies,