Valid Names Results

Kuwanaspis howardi (Cooley, 1898) (Diaspididae: Kuwanaspis)

Nomenclatural History

Chionaspis howardi Cooley 1898: 88-89. Type data: East India: taken at quarantine at Washington D.C., on bamboo. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; accepted valid name
Duplachionaspis howardi (Cooley, 1898); MacGillivray 1921: 336. change of combination
Kuwanaspis howardi (Cooley, 1898); Ferris 1942: SIV-396. change of combination
Kuwanaspis phyllostachydis Borchsenius & Hadzibejli 1950: 14. Type data: CAUCASUS and CRIMEA. Lectotype, female, by subsequent designation (Danzig1993,369). Type depository: St. Petersburg: Zoological Museum, Academy of Science, Russia; junior synonym (discovered by Balach1954e, 272-274). Illustr.
Kuwanaspis howarai (Cooley, 1898); Wang et al. 1998: 187. misspelling of species epithet
Kuwanaspis howadi (Cooley, 1898); Wu 2001b: 256. Type depository: Amherst: University of Massachusetts Entomology Collection; San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences, Department of Entomology, California, USA; misspelling of species epithet

Common Names

bamboo white scale MillerDa1990
woolly bamboo scale Gogua1976

Ecological Associates

Hosts:

Families: 1 | Genera: 5

Poaceae

Arundinaria | Tao1999
Bambusa | Cooley1898
Bambusa multiplex | Hua2000 | (= Bambusa multiplex nana)
Bambusa vulgaris | BatsanKaKi2017 | (= Phyllostachys mitis)
Phragmites | Tao1999
Phyllostachys | BorchsHa1950
Phyllostachys aurea | BorchsHa1950
Phyllostachys bambusoides | BesheaTiHo1973 BorchsHa1950 BorchsHa1950 | (= Phyllostachys reticulata),
Phyllostachys dulcis | GangLi2000
Phyllostachys edulis | BorchsHa1950 Tao1999 | (= Phyllostachys mitis)
Phyllostachys heteroclada | XuZeLv2021
Phyllostachys nigra | BorchsHa1950 TakagiKa1966 | (= Phyllostachys puberula) (= Phyllostachys puberula nigra)
Phyllostachys violascens | GangLi2000 | (= Phyllostachys praecox)
Phyllostachys viridiglaucescens | BorchsHa1950
Pleioblastus amarus | XuZeLv2021

Foes:

Families: 7 | Genera: 7

Acaridae

Monieziella | HertinSi1972

Aphelinidae

Encarsia citrina | BorchsHa1950 | (= Aspidiotiphagus citrinus)

Cheyletidae

Cheletomimus berlesei | HertinSi1972

Coccinellidae

Chilocorus | HertinSi1972
Chilocorus bipustulatus | HertinSi1972
Chilocorus renipustulatus | HertinSi1972

Laelapidae

Androlaelaps casalis | HertinSi1972

Nectriaceae

Microcera kuwanaspidis | XuZeLv2021

Tubeufiaceae

Podonectria kuwanaspidis | XuZeLv2021
Podonectria novae-zelandiae | XuZeLv2021

Geographic Distribution

Countries: 11

Azerbaijan | Imamku1966

China | FangWuXu2001

Anhui (=Anhwei) | Tang1986
Fujian (=Fukien) | Tao1999
Guangdong (=Kwangtung) | Tang1986
Hubei (=Hupei) | Hua2000
Hunan | Hua2000
Jiangsu (=Kiangsu) | Tao1999
Jiangxi (=Kiangsi) | Tao1999
Yunnan | Tao1999
Zhejiang (=Chekiang) | Tang1986 Wu2001b

Georgia (Republic of) | BatsanKaKi2017 DanzigPe1998

Abkhaz ASSR | Bustsh1958

Iran | Moghad2013a

Japan

Honshu | Muraka1970

Malaysia

Sarawak | NormarOkMo2019

Russia

Caucasus | BorchsHa1950

South Korea | Suh2016

Ukraine

Krym (=Crimea) Oblast | BorchsHa1950

United Kingdom

England |

United States

Alabama | WaltmaRaWi2016
Florida | BesheaTiHo1973
Georgia | BesheaTiHo1973
Louisiana | Miller2005

Keys

KimKiLe2023: pp.6 ( Adult (F) ) [Scales on bamboos in South Korea]
MalumpSa2016: pp.99 ( Adult (F) ) [British Kuwanaspis]
Watson2002a: pp. ( Adult (F) ) [Expert system on a cd]
Hu1982: pp.214 ( ) [Key to species of Kuwanaspis]
Chou1982: pp.61 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Chinese species of Kuwanaspis]
Danzig1971d: pp.843 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of family Diaspididae]
Balach1954e: pp.265 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Kuwanaspis]
Ferris1942: pp.SIV-446:55 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Kuwanaspis of California]
MacGil1921: pp.336 ( Adult (F) ) [Species of Duplachionaspis] Key as: Duplachionaspis howardi

Remarks

Systematics: Kuwanaspis howardi is close to K. pseudoleucaspis (Balachowsky, 1954e). It is also related to K. bambuae (Takagi, 1999a).
Structure: Scale secretion white with two longitudinal grooves, exuviae greenish yellow, sometimes almost olorless. Male orange, 0.96 mm long, 0.27 mm wide (Bustshik, 1958). Adult female cover white, elongate, pyriform, oyster-shell or mussel-shell shaped, slightly convex, 1.0–1.5 mm long; exuviae (shed skins) apical, yellow or tan.Adult female body is elongate, yellow or orange, eggs and first instars (crawlers) are bright yellow. (Malumphy & Salisbury, 2016a)
Biology: Males are found with females on host, but sometimes form separate groups in colonies covered by waxy fluffs. In mid July a mass flight of males was observed and egg laying was in progress. (Bustshik, 1958). In Caucasus and Crimea K. howardi has 2 generations per year. It overwinters as 2nd instar larvae. In the first half of May females lay about 32-60 eggs over 20-50 days. Eggs hatch in 12-14 days with larvae emerging at the end of May (Borchsenius & Hadzebejli, 1950).
Economic Importance: Miller & Davidson (1990) list this insect as a pest. Wang et al. (1998) cite this species as a major pest of bamboo. Large populations may reduce host vigour, cause chlorosis and lower the value of individual ornamental plants. The culms of the bamboo turn white as they become encrusted with scales giving the plants an unsightly appearance. However, it is of no economic importance in Florida (Dekle, 1977) and a large population of the scale found at one site in the UK had no noticeable impact on the host plant. (Malumphy & Salisbury, 2016a)
General Remarks: Detailed description and illustration by Balachowsky (1954e). Description and illustration of immature stages by Howell & Tippins (1973).

Illustrations

Citations

AhnKiKi2020: distribution, host, 7
Balach1954e: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 265, 272-275
BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 259
BesheaTiHo1973: distribution, host, 11
Borchs1963a: distribution, host, 24, 27, 271
Borchs1966: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 92
Borchs1973: distribution, host, 271
BorchsHa1950: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 14-15
Bustsh1958: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 186, 204
Chou1982: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 61, 63-64
Chou1986: illustration, 456
Cocker1899a: taxonomy, 398
Cooley1898: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 88-89
Danzig1964: distribution, host, taxonomy, 649
Danzig1971d: taxonomy, 843
Danzig1972: distribution, host, 213
Danzig1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 369, 371
DanzigPe1998: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 279
Essig1931: taxonomy, 663
FangWuXu2001: distribution, host, 107
Fernal1903b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 219
Ferris1942: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, SIV-396, SIV-446:55
GangLi2000: chemical control, distribution, host, life history, 78-80
Gaprin1956: distribution, host, 118, 134
Gavril2018: reproduction, 240
Gogua1976: chemical control, distribution, host, illustration, 196-199
Hadzib1983: distribution, host, taxonomy, 179, 180, 274
HertinSi1972: biological control, 181
HowellTi1973: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 241-244
Hu1982: taxonomy, 215
HuHeWa1992: distribution, illustration, 196
Hua2000: distribution, host, 153
Imamku1966: distribution, host, 48
KSPP1972: distribution, host, 107
Kawai1972: distribution, host, 44
Kawai1980: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 265
KawaiMaUm1971: distribution, host, 25
KimKiLe2023: key, 6
KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 17
KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 84
Lindin1958: taxonomy, 369
MacGil1921: distribution, host, taxonomy, 336
MalumpSa2016: biology, diagnosis, distribution, economic importance,
Miller2005: distribution, 487
MillerDa1990: economic importance, taxonomy, 302
Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 35
MoghadWa2021: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, 10, 137-138, 246
Muraka1970: distribution, host, 101
Nakaha1982: distribution, host, taxonomy, 45
NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, taxonomy, 23, 69, S6
Paik1978: taxonomy, 332
PooleGe1997: distribution, 349
Schmut1957b: distribution, host, 150
Suh2016: distribution, host, key, 317, 327
Suh2020: distribution, host, 14
Takagi1970: taxonomy, 123
Takagi1999a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 113
TakagiKa1966: distribution, host, 109
Tang1977: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 144
Tang1986: distribution, host, 282
Tao1999: distribution, host, 94-95
TippinBe1968a: distribution, host, 135
TippinBe1970: distribution, host, 10
WaltmaRaWi2016: distribution, 231
Wang1982c: distribution, host, 110
WangVaXu1998: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 85, 187
Watson2001: list, 177
Watson2002: taxonomy, 117
Watson2002a: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy,
Wu2001b: distribution, 256
XuZeLv2021: entomopathogenic fungi,
Yang1982: distribution, taxonomy, 226, 239