Valid Names Results
Fiorinia yongxingensis is now Fiorinia phantasma Cockerell & Robinson, 1915 (Diaspididae: Fiorinia)
Nomenclatural History
- Fiorinia phantasma Cockerell & Robinson 1915: 108. Type data: PHILIPPINES: Mt. Makiling, on Neolitsea sp., 31/01/1914, by C.F. Baker. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; accepted valid name Illustr.
- Fiorinia phantosura Cockerell & Robinson, 1915; MacGillivray 1921: 373. misspelling of species epithet
- Fiorinia coronata Williams & Watson 1988: 116. Type data: SOLOMON ISLANDS: Guadalcanal, on Cocos nucifera, ?/06/1954, by E.S. Brown. Holotype, female, by original designation Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by WatsonWiMi2015, ). Illustr.
- Fiorinia yongxingensis Liu, Cai & Feng 2020: 390. Type data: CHINA: Hainan Province, Yongxing Island, on Cocos nucifera L., 10/16/2018, by Rui Meng and Wei Xu (NWAFU):. Holotype, female, by original designation Type depository: Yangling: Entomological Museum, Northwestern Agricultural University, Shaanxi Province, China.; junior synonym (discovered by AhmedMoRo2021, 156-158). Notes: Paratypes: Same data as holotype: 18 slides containing 52 adult females; 6 slides each with a single adult male; 20 first-instar nymphs each mounted individually; 5 second-instar female nymphs each mounted individually; 14 slides containing 15 second-instar male nymphs; and 2 third-instar female nymphs mounted individually. Illustr.
Common Names
- phantasma scale VelasqRi1969
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 25 | Genera: 54
- Anacardiaceae
- Mangifera indica | WatsonWiMi2015
- Schinus terebinthifolia | Ahmed2018b
- Apocynaceae
- Nerium oleander | WatsonWiMi2015
- Plumeria | WatsonWiMi2015
- Tabernaemontana | Suh2016
- Araceae
- Monstera deliciosa | WatsonWiMi2015
- Arecaceae
- Adonidia merrillii | WatsonWiMi2015 | (= Veitchia merrillii
- Areca | WatsonWiMi2015
- Areca catechu | WatsonWiMi2015
- Arecaceae | Garcia2011
- Arenga undulatifolia | WatsonWiMi2015 | (= arenga ambong)
- Calamus | WatsonWiMi2015
- Cocos nucifera | LiuCaFe2020 WilliaWa1988
- Dictyosperma album | Ahmed2018b
- Dypsis | WatsonWiMi2015 | Chrysalidocarpus is the junior synonym of Dypsis
- Dypsis lastelliana | WatsonWiMi2015
- Dypsis lutescens | GermaiMiPa2014 | (= Chrysalidocarpus lutescens)
- Howea forsteriana | Ahmed2018b
- Hyophorbe | WatsonWiMi2015
- Hyophorbe lagenicaulis | WatsonWiMi2015
- Livistona chinensis | Ahmed2018b
- Nypa fruticans | WilliaWa1988
- Phoenix | AhmedMoRo2021
- Phoenix canariensis | Ahmed2018b
- Phoenix dactylifera | WatsonWiMi2015
- Phoenix reclinata | Ahmed2018b
- Phoenix roebelenii | Ahmed2018b
- Phoenix sylvestris | WatsonWiMi2015
- Pinanga | WatsonWiMi2015
- Pinanga coronata | Ahmed2018b
- Raphia farinifera | WatsonWiMi2015
- Sabal mexicana | Ahmed2018b
- Tahina spectabilis | Ahmed2018b
- Wallichia | WatsonWiMi2015
- Wallichia disticha | WatsonWiMi2015
- Wodyetia bifurcata | WatsonWiMi2015
- Calophyllaceae
- Calophyllum inophyllum | Garcia2011
- Calophyllum neoebudicum | WatsonWiMi2015
- Commelinaceae
- Dictyospermum | WatsonWiMi2015
- Cycadaceae
- Cycadaceae | WatsonWiMi2015
- Euphorbiaceae
- Jatropha integerrima | MartinLa2011 | (= Jatropha hastata)
- Fabaceae
- Cassia | Garcia2011
- Senna alata | Ahmed2018b
- Tamarindus indica | AhmedMoRo2021
- Heliconiaceae
- Heliconia caribaea | Garcia2011
- Lauraceae
- Machilus | Robins1917
- Neolitsea | CockerRo1915
- Magnoliaceae
- Magnolia ashtonii | PetersHaMo2020s2
- Malvaceae
- Pachira | WatsonWiMi2015
- Meliaceae
- Melia azedarach | WatsonWiMi2015 | (= Azadirachta indica)
- Moraceae
- Artocarpus | WatsonWiMi2015
- Artocarpus heterophyllus | Ahmed2018b
- Ficus benjamina | Garcia2011
- Ficus racemosa | Ahmed2018b
- Ficus rubiginosa | Ahmed2018b
- Oleaceae
- Jasminum | WatsonWiMi2015
- Ligustrum | AhmedMoRo2021
- Ligustrum japonicum | Garcia2011
- Noronhia emarginata | Garcia2011
- Osmanthus | WatsonWiMi2015
- Osmanthus fragrans | WatsonWiMi2015
- Orchidaceae
- Dendrochilum | WatsonWiMi2015
- Pandanaceae
- Pandanus | WilliaWa1988
- Pandanus tectorius | Garcia2011
- Pittosporaceae
- Pittosporum | WatsonWiMi2015
- Pittosporum tobira | Garcia2011
- Poaceae
- Arundinaria | WatsonWiMi2015
- Bambusa | Ahmed2018b
- Poaceae | WatsonWiMi2015
- Podocarpaceae
- Podocarpus | WatsonWiMi2015
- Rutaceae
- Clausena anisum-olens | WatsonWiMi2015
- Murraya koenigii | WatsonWiMi2015
- Murraya paniculata | Garcia2011
- Sapindaceae
- Litchi | WatsonWiMi2015
- Litchi chinensis | Ahmed2018b
- Scrophulariaceae
- Myoporum sandwicense | Garcia2011 WatsonWiMi2015
- Strelitziaceae
- Ravenala madagascariensis | Garcia2011
Foes:
Families: 5 | Genera: 5
- Aphelinidae
- Aphytis | WatsonWiMi2015
- Chrysopidae
- Chrysoperla comanche | WatsonWiMi2015
- Coccinellidae
- Telsimia nitida | WatsonWiMi2015
- Cybocephalidae
- Cybocephalus nipponicus | WatsonWiMi2015
- Phlaeothripidae
- Aleurodothrips fasciapennis | WatsonWiMi2015
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 23
- American Samoa | WatsonWiMi2015
- China
- Hainan | LiuCaFe2020
- Xianggang (=Hong Kong) | MartinLa2011
- France | WatsonWiMi2015
- French Polynesia | Malump2013 WatsonWiMi2015
- Grenada | WatsonWiMi2015
- Guam | WatsonWiMi2015
- Hawaiian Islands | WatsonWiMi2015
- Hawaii | MatsunHoKu2019
- Kauai | MatsunHoKu2019
- Oahu | Garcia2011
- Indonesia | WatsonWiMi2015
- Irian Jaya | WilliaWa1988
- Malaysia | WatsonWiMi2015
- Sarawak | PetersHaMo2020s2
- Maldives | WatsonWiMi2015
- Nauru | WatsonWiMi2015
- Netherlands | WatsonWiMi2015
- New Caledonia | MilleHeCa2016 WatsonWiMi2015
- Papua New Guinea | WatsonWiMi2015
- Philippines | CockerRo1915 WatsonWiMi2015
- Reunion | GermaiMiPa2014
- Saint Martin & St. Barthelemy
- Saint Martin | WatsonWiMi2015
- Singapore | WatsonWiMi2015
- Solomon Islands | WilliaWa1988
- Taiwan | WatsonWiMi2015
- Thailand | Malump2013 WatsonWiMi2015
- United States
- Florida | AhmedMi2018
- Vietnam | WatsonWiMi2015
Keys
- AhmedMoRo2021: pp.156-158 ( Adult (F) First instar Second instar (F) Second instar (M) ) [Fiorinia in the USA]
- LiuCaFe2020: pp.397-399 ( Adult (F) ) [Fiorinia in China] Key as: Fiorinia yongxingensis
- LiuCaFe2020: pp.397-399 ( Adult (F) ) [Fiorinia in China]
- WatsonWiMi2015: pp.298-299 ( Adult (F) ) [Fiorinia in the Australasian, Nearctic and Neotropical Regions]
- WeiZhFe2013: pp.94-95 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to the adult females of Fiorinia species known from China] Key as: Fiorinia coronata
- Malump2013: pp.274
(
Adult (F)
)
[Fiorinia found in Britain] Key as:
- WilliaWa1988: pp.115 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Fiorinia] Key as: Fiorinia coronata
- MacGil1921: pp.373 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Fiorinia] Key as: Fiorinia phantosura
- Robins1917: pp.18 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Fiorinia of the Philippine Islands]
Remarks
- Systematics: Genbank # COI-SP: MW3921, EF1a: MW893444, 28S: 883861 plus 3 other sequences in Ahmed, et al., 2021
Fiorinia phantasma is close to F. saprosmae, but differing conspicuously in the shape of the abdomen and the number of circumgenital glands (Cockerell & Robinson, 1915). Fiorinia phantasma is related to F. euryae, but differs in possessing only 4 marginal pygidial ducts, whereas in F. euryae they number 6-9 (Williams & Watson, 1988). F. phantasma is closely related to F. fioriniae (designated the junior synonym), a similar looking scale that is a pest of palms and protea. The results of a multigene molecular analysis of the Florida population, the Chinese population, and two Malaysian populations (D1184 and D1185). clearly show that these populations are the same species. The morphological differences suggested as diagnostic of F. yongxingensis are within the range of variation that occurs in F. phantasma. Therefore, Ahmed, et al., 2021 determned that F. yongxingensis ia as a junior synonym of a,ia.F. phantasma.
- Structure: Female scale about 1.25 mm long, elongate, very pale greyish ochreous, very inconspicuous on host. First exuviae elongate oval, extending beyond anterior end. Adult female pale yellow, during gestation with the abdominal segments contracted; pygidium with median lobes widely divergent, not greatly produced, their inner margin with 4 to 6 teeth. Second stage female elongate; pygidial structure with well developed narrow second lobes (Cockerell & Robinson, 1915). Adult females inconsistently show red stripes, running the width of the scale covering. Some populations have a variation of clear, red-striped, and full red scale coverings. (Garcia, 2011) Male scales white. Adult female 0.65 mm long, broadly sub-rectangular, widest at about 2nd abdominal segment, then narrowing abruptly to a triangular-shaped pygidium; body membranous except for lightly sclerotized pygidium (Williams & Watson, 1988). Second-instar exuviae elongate oval or fusiform, faint yellow, almost translucent, flat, on leaf undersides of host plant. (Liu, et al., 2020) First-instar nymph pale yellow, covered with transparent waxy filaments. Second-instar male nymph yellow, almost elliptical. First exuviae golden yellow, enclosing the body. Adult male scale cover white, elongate, parallel sided, with 3 longitudinal ridges; first exuviae translucent, pale yellow, terminal. Body of adult male (Fig. 1f) orange, with a pair of black dorsal eyes; antennae long, flagellar segments with long fleshy setae; scutum forming an obvious prominence, sub-trapezoid; single pair of wings transparent. The male of F. yongxingensis differs from that of F. externa in having (F. externa. in brackets): (i) cranial apophysis with a bifurcate apex (apex pointed); (ii) last segment of each antenna with 5–11 fs (with 6 or 7 fs); (iii) antennal segments III–X each with few hair setae (without); (iv) a pair of ventral plates present on lateral margin of mouthparts (ventral plates absent); (v) abdominal segments II–III without ventral setae (with 1 pair of hair setae). (Liu, et al., 2020)
- Biology: Fiorinia phantasma infests the leaf undersides of its hosts (although in heavy infestations it will spread to the upper leaf surfaces (Bethke 2012)); it shows a marked preference for palms. (Watson, et al., 2015)
- Economic Importance: Damage caused by F. phantasma is recognizable by the yellow blotches on the upper leaf surfaces of host plants. As the scale population increases, intense feeding damage to the leaf causes leaf drop. Horticultural oil has been used with closely related scale species, and should be effective against the crawler stage of F. phantasma. Systemic insecticides, including dinotefuran, and insect growth regulators, such as pyriproxyfen and/or buprofezin has also been proven to work with other similar scale pests, and may be effective against F. phantasma.(Garcia, 2011) Hawai’i Department of Food and Agriculture reported that infestations can cause chlorotic patches on leaves, and premature leaf drop (HDOA 2011). In September 2011, it was reported as a serious pest on areca palms in the landscape on Maui (Bethke 2012). In February 2013, Ms Aminath Aroosha (then Minister of Fisheries and Agriculture, Republic of the Maldives) (pers comm.) said that at that time, F. phantasma was “a huge problem with a scale insect on palm leaves at one of our resorts. In that resort there are about 6000 palms of which all are covered with this. The undersides of the lowest leaves are covered with the pest.” (Watson, et al., 2016) The species threatens the production of coconuts. It presents a quarantine threat to other coconut-producing countries via the international trade in live coconut plants and green nuts. (Liu, et al., 2020)
- General Remarks: Best description and illustration by Cockerell & Robinson (1915). Description and illustration of junior synonym, Fiorinia coronata by Williams & Watson (1988). Detailed description, photographs and illustrations of female, male and nymphs of junior synonym, Fiorinia yongxingensis in Liu, et al., 2020.
Illustrations
Citations
- Ahmed2018b: control, diagnosis, dispersal, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration,
- AhmedMi2018: diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, 1-3
- AhmedMiRo2021: control, diagnosis, dispersal, distribution, host, illustration,
- AhmedMoRo2021: DNA, diagnosis, distribution, illustration, key, taxonomy, 141-158,171-177
- Ali1969a: distribution, host, 47
- Borchs1966: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 146
- CockerRo1915: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 108
- Garcia2011: description, distribution, economic importance, host,
- GermaiMiPa2014: distribution, host, 23
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 16
- LiuCaFe2020: diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, key, taxonomy,
- LiuCaFe2020: key, 398
- MacGil1921: distribution, host, taxonomy, 373
- Malump2013: biology, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, key, morphology,
- MartinLa2011: catalog, distribution, host, 40
- MatsunHoKu2019: distribution, host, 9
- MilleHeCa2016: distribution, economic importance, host, 139
- PetersHaMo2020s2: DNA, distribution, host,
- Robins1917: description, distribution, host, 18, 19
- Suh2016: distribution, host, key, 317, 326
- VelasqRi1969: distribution, 196
- WeiZhFe2013: taxonomy, 94
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 229
- WilliaWa1988: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 114, 115, 116
- ZarkanApTu2021: distribution, host, 164
