Valid Names Results
Fiorinia fioriniae (Targioni Tozzetti, 1867) (Diaspididae: Fiorinia)Nomenclatural History
- Diaspis fioriniae Targioni Tozzetti 1867: 14-15. Type data: ITALY: Florence, on Phytelephas macrocarpa. Unknown type status, unknown, accepted valid name
- Chermes arecae Boisduval 1868: 282. Type data: FRANCE: on Areca aurea. Syntypes, female, junior synonym (discovered by Borchs1966, 143). Notes: Type material probably lost (Matile-Ferrero, personal communication to Ben-Dov, 1991).
- Fiorinia pellucida Targioni Tozzetti 1868: 735. replacement name that is unjustified (discovered by Cocker1896b, 337). Notes: It is unclear why Targioni Tozzetti proposed the replacement name Fiorinia pellucida.
- Fiorinia camelliae Comstock 1881a: 329. Type data: UNITED STATES: on Camellia sp. and Kentia balmoriana and Cycas revoluta. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Washington: United States National Entomological Collection, U.S. National Museum of Natural History, District of Columbia, USA; junior synonym (discovered by Ferris1937, SI-55). Illustr.
- Uhleria camelliae (Comstock, 1881); Comstock 1883: 111. change of combination
- Uhleria fioriniae (Targioni Tozzetti, 1867); Comstock 1883: 111. change of combination
- Fiorinia fioriniae (Targioni Tozzetti, 1867); Cockerell 1893e: 39. change of combination
- Fiorinia palmae Green 1896: 4. Type data: SRI LANKA: Punduloya, on Coconut Palm. Syntypes, female, Type depository: London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; junior synonym (discovered by Cocker1899a, 397).
- Parlatoreopsis camelliae (Comstock, 1881); Kawai 1972: 21. Type depository: Shanxi: Entomological Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China; change of combination
- Parlatoria fioriniae (Targioni Tozzetti, 1867); Korean Society of Plant Protection 1972: 108. change of combination
Common Names
- avocado scale VelasqRi1969
- camellia scale Frogga1914
- European fiorinia scale Butche1959
- fiorinia scale Arnett1985
- palm fiorinia scale McKenz1956
- ridged scale Cocker1897l
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 54 | Genera: 119
- Anacardiaceae
- Anacardium | MillerDa2005
- Buchanania arborescens | Takagi1970
- Mangifera | MillerDa2005
- Mangifera indica | Takagi1970
- Pistacia lentiscus | Balach1954e
- Rhus | Borchs1966
- Schinus | AhmedMoRo2021
- Annonaceae
- Annona reticulata | Mamet1956
- Polyalthia | MillerDa2005
- Polyalthia longifolia | Sankar1984
- Apiaceae
- Bupleurum spinosum | BicheArMe2022
- Apocynaceae
- Asclepias | Borchs1966
- Aquifoliaceae
- Ilex | Borchs1966
- Ilex cornuta | AhmedMoRo2021
- Araceae
- Anthurium acaule | Morgan1892
- Araliaceae
- Aralia | Borchs1966
- Dendropanax trifidus | Kuwana1925b
- Hedera | MillerDa2005
- Hedera canariensis | AhmedMoRo2021
- Hedera helix | Cocker1898w
- Hedera rhombea | Kuwana1925b Muraka1970 | (= Hedera japonica)
- Tetrapanax | AhmedMoRo2021
- Araucariaceae
- Araucaria | Kuwana1925b
- Arecaceae
- Acoelorrhaphe | AhmedMoRo2021 | (= Paurotis)
- Acoelorrhaphe wrightii | AhmedMoRo2021
- Arecaceae | BatsanKaKi2017
- Burretiokentia vieillardii | PicartMa2000
- Caryota urens | Sankar1984
- Chamaedorea | AhmedMoRo2021
- Chamaerops | AhmedMoRo2021
- Chamaerops humilis | Balach1954e
- Cocos | MillerDa2005
- Cocos nucifera | Simmon1957
- Dictyosperma | AhmedMoRo2021
- Dictyosperma album | Boisdu1868 GermaiMiPa2014 | var. aureum (= Areca aurea)
- Dypsis lutescens | Malump2014a | (= Chrysalidocarpus lutescens)
- Howea | Balach1954e Cocker1897 MifsudMaRu2014 | (= Kentia)
- Howea belmoreana | Comsto1881 | (= Kentia belmoreana)
- Howea forsteriana | LepineMi1931
- Hydriastele | Cocker1897l MillerDa2005
- Latania | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Licuala | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Livistona | Maskel1892
- Livistona chinensis | UlgentErYa2022
- Phoenix | LepineMi1931 MillerDa2005
- Phoenix canariensis | Balach1954e
- Phoenix dactylifera | GhabboMo1996
- Phytelephas | Borchs1966
- Ptychosperma | MillerDa2005
- Ravenea rivularis | AhmedMoRo2021
- Rhapis excelsa | Balach1954e Kuwana1925b | (= Chamaerops excelsa) (= Trachycarpus excelsus)
- Sabal | AhmedMoRo2021
- Asparagaceae
- Agave | MillerDa2005
- Cordyline | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Dracaena | Borchs1966
- Ruscus | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Ruscus aculeatus | BenDov2012
- Asphodelaceae
- Phormium | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Asteraceae
- Bidens alba | AhmedMoRo2021
- Bignoniaceae
- Kigelia africana | AhmedMoRo2021 | (= Kigelia pinnata)
- Buxaceae
- Buxus | MillerDa2005
- Buxus balearica | Balach1954e
- Calophyllaceae
- Calophyllum inophyllum | AhmedMoRo2021
- Cannabaceae
- Celtis laevigata | AhmedMoRo2021
- Celtis philippensis | CockerRo1915a Lindin1910b | (= Celtis mauritiana)
- Celastraceae
- Cassine glauca | Sankar1984
- Euonymus | MillerDa2005
- Cephalotaxaceae
- Cephalotaxus harringtonii | Muraka1970 | (= Cephalotaxus drupacea var. koreana)
- Clusiaceae
- Garcinia | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Garcinia livingstonei | AhmedMoRo2021
- Crassulaceae
- Prometheum sempervivoides | CarnerPe1986
- Rosularia sempervivoides | CarnerPe1986
- Cupressaceae
- Cupressus | Maskel1898
- Widdringtonia cedarbergensis | Maskel1898
- Cycadaceae
- Cycas | MillerDa2005
- Cycas revoluta | Comsto1881 AhmedMoRo2021
- Ebenaceae
- Diospyros | Borchs1966 MillerDa2005
- Diospyros lotus | AhmedMoRo2021
- Ericaceae
- Cyathodes | MillerDa2005
- Euphorbiaceae
- Aleurites | MillerDa2005
- Croton | Borchs1966
- Gymnanthes lucida | AhmedMoRo2021
- Manihot | Green1937
- Fagaceae
- Quercus | MillerDa2005
- Gnetaceae
- Gnetum luofuense | MartinLa2011
- Iridaceae
- Dietes bicolor | MartinWoCu2022
- Sisyrinchium xerophyllum | AhmedMoRo2021 | (= Sisyrinchium solstitiale)
- Lauraceae
- Cinnamomum | Takagi1970
- Laurus | MillerDa2005
- Laurus nobilis | Balach1954e
- Machilus japonica | Takagi1970 | var. kusanoi (= Machilus kusanoi)
- Ocotea foetens | PellizPo2014
- Persea | MillerDa2005
- Persea americana | Mamet1943a MacharKiHe2021
- Persea borbonia | AhmedMoRo2021
- Persea palustris | AhmedMoRo2021
- Magnoliaceae
- Magnolia virginiana | AhmedMoRo2021
- Malvaceae
- Ceiba pentandra | Sankar1984
- Sida | Watson2002a
- Theobroma cacao | Green1937
- Tilia | BicheArMe2022
- Moraceae
- Artocarpus | MillerDa2005
- Artocarpus heterophyllus | ColonFMe1998
- Ficus | AhmedMoRo2021
- Ficus carica | Muraka1970
- Ficus diversiformis | Muraka1970
- Ficus nervosa | Takagi1970
- Ficus pumila | Muraka1970 | (= Ficus stipulata)
- Morus | MillerDa2005
- Musaceae
- Musa | MillerDa2005
- Myricaceae
- Myrica | AhmedMoRo2021
- Myrica rubra | Muraka1970
- Myristicaceae
- Myristica cagayanensis | Takagi1970 | (= Myristica heterophylla)
- Myrtaceae
- Callistemon | MillerDa2005
- Callistemon citrinus | AhmedMoRo2021
- Callistemon viminalis | AhmedMoRo2021
- Decaspermum fruticosum | Takagi1970
- Eucalyptus | LepineMi1931
- Eugenia | MillerDa2005
- Eugenia sprengelii | MartinWoCu2022
- Leptospermum | Cocker1897l
- Melaleuca | AhmedMoRo2021
- Myrcianthes fragrans | AhmedMoRo2021 | (= Eugenia simpsonii)
- Myrtus | MillerDa2005
- Psidium | MillerDa2005
- Syzygium samarangense | Tao1978 | (= Eugenia javanica)
- Oleaceae
- Ligustrum | MillerDa2005
- Olea | Watson2002a
- Oxalidaceae
- Averrhoa carambola | MartinLa2011
- Pinaceae
- Larix | Borchs1966
- Pinus tabuliformis | Maskel1898 | (= Pinus sinensis)
- Pinus thunbergii | Kuwana1925b
- Pittosporaceae
- Pittosporum tobira | Muraka1970
- Podocarpaceae
- Podocarpus macrophyllus | Kuwana1925b
- Proteaceae
- Leucospermum | AhmedMoRo2021
- Macadamia | Borchs1966
- Macadamia ternifolia | Willia1973
- Rosaceae
- Prunus angustifolia | AhmedMoRo2021
- Rosa | MillerDa2005
- Rubiaceae
- Gardenia | MillerDa2005
- Rutaceae
- Amyris elemifera | AhmedMoRo2021
- Citrus | Mamet1943a
- Citrus aurantium | BicheArMe2022 | (= Citrus myrtifolia)
- Citrus clementina | BicheArMe2022
- Citrus japonica | BicheArMe2022
- Citrus limon | BicheArMe2022 | (= Citrus limetta)
- Citrus medica | BicheArMe2022
- Citrus paradisi | BicheArMe2022
- Citrus reticulata | WilliaWa1988
- Citrus sinensis | BicheArMe2022
- Citrus trifoliata | BicheArMe2022 | (= Citrus triptera)
- Murraya paniculata | CulikMaVe2008
- Ruta | MillerDa2005
- Salicaceae
- Salix | Tao1999
- Salix babylonica | Muraka1970
- Salix koriyanagi | Muraka1970
- Santalaceae
- Phoradendron | AhmedMoRo2021
- Phoradendron leucarpum | AhmedMoRo2021
- Santalum | Borchs1966
- Santalum album | AhmedMoRo2021
- Santalum austrocaledonicum | MilleHeCa2016
- Sapotaceae
- Manilkara | MillerDa2005
- Manilkara roxburghiana | AhmedMoRo2021 | (= Mimusops roxburghiana)
- Sideroxylon tenax | AhmedMoRo2021 | (= Bumelia tenax)
- Solanaceae
- Capsicum | MillerDa2005
- Strelitziaceae
- Strelitzia | Borchs1966 AhmedMoRo2021
- Strelitzia nicolai | BicheArMe2022
- Strelitzia reginae | MifsudMaRu2014
- Taxaceae
- Taxus | Borchs1966
- Theaceae
- Camellia | Comsto1881 Heu2002 MillerDa2005
- Camellia japonica | Kuwana1925b Takagi1970 | (= Thea japonica)
- Camellia oleifera | BesheaTiHo1973 | (= Camellia sasanqua)
- Camellia sinensis | DEDAC1923 Muraka1970 Tao1999 | including var. assamica (= Thea sinensis)
- Ulmaceae
- Ulmus | Tao1999
- Zamiaceae
- Zamia | AhmedMoRo2021
Foes:
Families: 6 | Genera: 11
- Aphelinidae
- Aphytis chrysomphali | HertinSi1972
- Encarsia | Balach1954e
- Encarsia citrina | Balach1954e HuangPo1998 | (= Aspidiotiphagus citrinus)
- Encarsia lounsburyi | Balach1954e HertinSi1972 | (= Aspidiophagus lounsburyi)
- Pteroptrix lauri | Balach1954e | (= Hispaniella lauri)
- Coccinellidae
- Chilocorus bipustulatus | BelgueBiBe2017
- Microweisea | HertinSi1972
- Rhyzobius lophanthae | BelgueBiBe2017
- Rhyzobius pulchellus | Watson2002a
- Eriophyidae
- Cecidophyopsis | Watson2002a
- Mymaridae
- Alaptus auranti | Balach1954e
- Dicopus citri | Balach1954e
- Phlaeothripidae
- Karnyothrips flavipes | HertinSi1972 PriesnHo1940
- Signiphoridae
- Signiphora | Watson2002a
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 57
- Algeria | Mamet1943a
- Argentina | Lizery1938
- Australia | Maxwel1902
- New South Wales | Frogga1897
- Western Australia | Fuller1897b
- Azores | FrancoRuMa2011
- Barbados | Cocker1897l
- Belgium | Craw1896
- Bermuda | Waters1941
- Brazil | Maxwel1902
- Espirito Santo | CulikMaVe2008
- Parana | MartinWoCu2022
- Rio Grande do Sul | CorseuSi1971
- Rio de Janeiro | MartinWoCu2022
- Sao Paulo | MartinWoCu2022
- Canary Islands | GomezM1967O MatileOr2001
- Cape Verde | MatileWi2015
- China
- Fujian (=Fukien) | Tao1999
- Guangdong (=Kwangtung) | Tao1999
- Guangdong (=Kwangtung) | Hua2000
- Guangxi (=Kwangsi) | Hua2000
- Guizhou (=Kweichow) | Hua2000
- Hainan | Tao1999
- Hainan | Hua2000
- Hubei (=Hupei) | Hua2000
- Hunan | Hua2000
- Jiangxi (=Kiangsi) | Hua2000
- Nei Monggol (=Inner Mongolia) | Tao1999
- Ningxia (=Ningsia) | Tao1999
- Sichuan (=Szechwan) | Hua2000
- Xianggang (=Hong Kong) | MartinLa2011
- Yunnan | DaoBeWa2023
- Zhejiang (=Chekiang) | Hua2000
- Cook Islands | WilliaWa1988
- Croatia | MastenSi2008
- Egypt | AbdRabEv2021 Alfier1929
- France | Boisdu1868 Foldi2001
- French Polynesia
- Society Islands | WilliaWa1988
- Tahiti | WilliaWa1988
- Georgia (Republic of) | BatsanKaKi2017 Hadzib1983
- Germany | DanzigPe1998
- Greece | Korone1934
- Hawaiian Islands | Craw1896
- Hawaii | Heu2002
- Lanai | Heu2002
- Maui | Heu2002
- Oahu | Heu2002 Willia1973
- India | Green1937
- Indonesia | Suh2016
- Ireland | Green1934d
- Israel | GersonZo1973
- Italy | LongoMaPe1995 Targio1867
- Sicily | LongoMaPe1995
- Jamaica | Cocker1892a
- Japan | Craw1896
- Honshu | Shinji1936b
- Kyushu | Muraka1970
- Kenya | MacharKiHe2021
- Madagascar | Mamet1959a
- Madeira Islands | Balach1938a FrancoRuMa2011
- Malta | Borg1932 MifsudMaRu2014
- Mauritius | GrandpCh1899 WilliaWi1988
- Mexico
- Sinaloa | Cocker1899n
- Monaco | Balach1954e
- Morocco | LepineMi1931
- Mozambique | Almeid1971
- New Caledonia | Laing1933
- Peru | Mamet1943a
- Philippines | CockerRo1915a
- Puerto Rico & Vieques Island
- Puerto Rico | Ballou1936a
- Reunion | GermaiMiPa2014
- Romania | Knecht1930 Teodor2018
- Russia | DanzigPe1998
- Saint Lucia | Malump2014a
- Sao Tome and Principe | Simmon1969
- South Africa | Brain1919
- Spain | GomezM1937
- Sri Lanka | Green1896
- Taiwan | Maskel1897a
- Tanzania | Balach1954e
- Turkey | Bodenh1949
- United Kingdom | DanzigPe1998
- United States
- Alabama | BesheaTiHo1973 MillerDa2005
- California | Craw1896 MillerDa2005
- Connecticut | Britto1923 MillerDa2005
- District of Columbia | MillerDa2005
- Florida | MerrilCh1923 MillerDa2005
- Georgia | BesheaTiHo1973 MillerDa2005
- Illinois | MillerDa2005
- Louisiana | Miller2005
- Massachusetts | King1899d MillerDa2005
- Mississippi | MillerDa2005
- New Jersey | Weiss1916
- New Mexico | Cocker1898w
- New York | MillerDa2005
- Ohio | MillerDa2005 Sander1904a
- Oklahoma | MillerDa2005
- Pennsylvania | MillerDa2005
- South Carolina | MillerDa2005
- Texas | MillerDa2005
- Vanuatu (=New Hebrides) | WilliaBu1987
- Vietnam | DanzigKo1990
- Western Samoa | WilliaWa1988
- Zanzibar | Lindin1910b
Keys
- DaoBeWa2023: pp.1024, 1027-1028 ( Adult (F) ) [Diaspididae on citrus in Indochina and southern China.]
- AhmedMoRo2021: pp.156-158 ( Adult (F) First instar Second instar (F) Second instar (M) ) [Fiorinia in the USA]
- LiuCaFe2020: pp.397-399 ( Adult (F) ) [Fiorinia in China]
- WatsonWiMi2015: pp.298-299 ( Adult (F) ) [Fiorinia in the Australasian, Nearctic and Neotropical Regions]
- WeiZhFe2013: pp.94-95 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to the adult females of Fiorinia species known from China]
- Malump2013: pp.274 ( Adult (F) ) [Fiorinia found in Britain]
- MillerDa2005: pp.29-32 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
- MillerDa2005: pp.20-22 ( Adult (F) ) [Armored Scales]
- Gill1997: pp.144 ( ) [Key to California species of Fiorinia]
- WilliaWa1988: pp.115 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Fiorinia]
- Chou1982: pp.105 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Chinese species of Fiorinia]
- Howell1977: pp.836 ( First instar ) [Key to the first instars of Fiorinia]
- GersonZo1973: pp.516 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to armoured scale insects which infest avocado in Israel]
- Danzig1971d: pp.841 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of the family Diaspididae]
- Beards1966: pp.532 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Micronesian species of Fiorinia]
- Takagi1961: pp.41 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Fiorinia of Japan]
- McKenz1956: pp.32 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Californian species of Fiorinia]
- Balach1954e: pp.303 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Fiorinia]
- Ferris1942: pp.SIV-446:54 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Fiorinia of California]
- Fullaw1932: pp.96 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Hawaiian Diaspinae]
- Kuwana1925b: pp.3 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Japanese species of Fiorinia]
- MacGil1921: pp.374 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Fiorinia]
- Robins1917: pp.18 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Fiorinia of the Philippine Islands]
- Leonar1906c: pp.18 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Fiorinia]
- Green1896e: pp.93 ( Adult (F) ) [Ceylon species of Fiorinia]
Remarks
- Systematics: Fiorinia fioriniae can be identified by its head without a tubercle or fleshy process between the antennae; pygidium with usually only 3 or sometimes 4, large marginal ducts in the adult female (Ferris, 1937).
- Structure: Adult female elliptical, shield-shaped, thin; translucent, brownish yellow to orange-brown, lateral margins slightly curved; 1-1.3 mm in length. First exuviae terminal, pale yellow, projecting partly beyond the second exuviae. The second exuviae covers the insect entirely. The thin waxy secretionary cover extends over the 2nd exuviae and slightly beyond the margin of the 2nd exuviae (Dekle, 1965c).
- Biology: Fiorinia fioriniae has three generations per year. Eggs are laid in May, July and August (Kuwana, 1911). Johnson & Lyon (1976) indicated overlapping generations in the southern U.S. There are few reports dealing with the life cycle of palm fiorinia scale. Johnson and Lyon (1976) indicate overlapping generations in the southern U.S. Murakami (1970) states that it has 3 generations annually in Japan with eggs laid in May, July, and August. (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
- Economic Importance: Miller & Davidson (1990) list this insect as a serious and widespread pest. The palm fiorinia scale is regarded as a pest of avocado (Williams and Watson 1988, Perez Guerra 1986, Cohic 1958), palms (Hodgson and Hilburn 1991, Dekle 1977), tea (Nagarkatti and Sankaran 1990), and ornamentals (Dekle 1977). Beardsley and González (1975) consider this scale to be one of 43 serious armored scale pests, and Miller and Davidson (1990) consider it to be a serious world pest. (Miller & Davidson, 2005).
- General Remarks: Detailed description and illustration by Balachowsky (1954e).
Illustrations
Citations
- AbdRabEv2021: distribution, host, 34
- Ahmed2018b: distribution, host, illustration, 1
- AhmedMoRo2021: DNA, diagnosis, distribution, illustration, key, taxonomy, 141-158,161-168
- Alfier1929: distribution, host, 8
- Ali1969a: distribution, host, 44-5
- Almeid1971: distribution, 11
- Arnett1985: economic importance, 241
- ArouaKaBe2019: distribution, host,
- Badr2014: distribution, host, 51
- Balach1938a: distribution, host, 155
- Balach1954e: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 302, 303-306, 312, 3
- Ballou1936a: distribution, host, 9
- BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 258
- Beards1966: distribution, host, taxonomy, 532
- BeardsGo1975: biology, ecology, economic importance,
- BelgueBiBe2017: biological control, natural enemies, 122, 127, 128
- BenDov2012: catalog, distribution, host, 30, 44
- BesheaTiHo1973: distribution, host, 10
- BicheArMe2022: distribution, host, 505
- Bodenh1949: description, distribution, host, 119
- Bodenh1953: distribution, host, taxonomy, 159
- Boisdu1868: description, distribution, host, 282
- Borchs1937: distribution, host, taxonomy, 119
- Borchs1950b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 180
- Borchs1966: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 142
- Borg1932: distribution, host, 13
- Brain1919: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 221-222
- Britto1923: distribution, host, 370
- Britto1933a: distribution, host, 91, 136
- Butche1959: distribution, host, 363
- CarnerPe1986: distribution, host, taxonomy, 38-39
- Charmo1899: taxonomy, 37
- ChenWo1936: distribution, host, 101
- Chou1982: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 105-106
- Chou1986: illustration, 507
- Cocker1892a: distribution, host, 55
- Cocker1892b: distribution, host, 333
- Cocker1893e: taxonomy, 39
- Cocker1897l: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 149-150
- Cocker1898r: distribution, 240
- Cocker1898w: distribution, host, 503
- Cocker1899a: taxonomy, 397
- Cocker1899n: distribution, host, 27
- CockerRo1915a: distribution, host, 426
- ColonFMe1998: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 94
- Comsto1881a: description, distribution, host, 329
- Comsto1883: description, distribution, host, 111
- Comsto1916: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 478, 572
- CorseuSi1971: distribution, host, 109
- CostaL1928: 121
- Costan1950: distribution, host, taxonomy, 11
- Craw1896: description, distribution, host, 39
- CulikMaVe2008: distribution, host, 1-6
- DEDAC1923: distribution, host, 15
- Dammer1929: description, host, 252
- Danzig1964: distribution, host, taxonomy, 647
- Danzig1971d: taxonomy, 841
- Danzig1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 337-339
- DanzigPe1998: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 259-260
- DaoBeWa2018: distribution, morphology, phylogeny, 82
- DaoBeWa2023: key, 1029
- Dash1916: distribution, host, 42
- DelGue1894a: distribution, taxonomy, 182
- DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 115
- Ebelin1959: economic importance, taxonomy, 318
- ElShafAbAl2017: host, 4
- FavretOuWi2014: taxonomy, 70
- FeltMo1928: distribution, host, 199
- Fernal1903b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 246
- Ferris1936a: illustration, taxonomy, 23, 53
- Ferris1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, SI-55
- Ferris1942: taxonomy, SIV-446:54
- FetykoKoDa2010: distribution, 298
- Fleury1935a: distribution, host, 22
- Foldi2001: distribution, 306
- FoldiGe2018: distribution, 10
- FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 11,24
- Frogga1897: distribution, host, 6
- Frogga1914: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 983
- Frogga1915: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 57
- Fullaw1932: distribution, host, 96, 106
- Fuller1897b: distribution, host, 1344
- Fulmek1943: biological control, catalog, taxonomy, 34
- Gentry1965: distribution, economic importance, 17
- Germai2008: distribution, 77-87
- GermaiMiPa2014: distribution, host, 23
- GersonZo1973: distribution, economic importance, host, 516, 517, 527
- GhabboMo1996: description, distribution, host, 346
- Gill1982c: distribution, host, illustration, 1
- Gill1997: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 144-145
- GomesCRe1947: distribution, host, 124
- GomesCRe1948: distribution, host, 50
- GomezM1937: distribution, host, 206
- GomezM1956: distribution, host, 96
- GomezM1957: distribution, host, 96
- GomezM1967O: distribution, host, 132
- Gowdey1921: distribution, host, 28
- GranarCl2003: distribution, host, 630
- GrandpCh1899: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 13, 14
- Green1896: description, distribution, host, 4
- Green1896e: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 39
- Green1900a: distribution, host, 256
- Green1934d: distribution, host, 114
- Green1937: catalog, distribution, host, 324
- Hadzib1983: distribution, host, 188, 275
- Hall1922: distribution, host, 37
- Hall1926a: distribution, host, 38
- Hall1946a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 549
- Hatch1938: distribution, 180
- Hempel1900a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 509
- Herric1911: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 38
- HertinSi1972: biological control, 180
- Heu2002: distribution, host, 26
- HodgsoHi1990: distribution, host, 5, 6, 8, 11, 13, 16
- Howell1977: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 831
- HowellTi1977: description, distribution, host, 130
- HuHeWa1992: distribution, illustration, 194
- Hua2000: distribution, host, 151
- HuangPo1998: biological control, 1859
- KSPP1972: taxonomy, 108
- Kawai1972: 21
- Kawai1980: distribution, taxonomy, 280
- KawaiMaUm1971: distribution, host, 23
- King1899d: distribution, host, 252
- Kirkal1904b: distribution, host, 157
- Knecht1930: distribution, host, 237
- KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 16
- Korone1934: distribution, host, taxonomy, 50, 56
- KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 83
- Kuwana1902: distribution, host, 79
- Kuwana1907: distribution, host, 200
- Kuwana1925b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 3-5
- Kuwana1927: distribution, 72
- Kuwana1927b: taxonomy, 152
- LagowsGo2020: distribution, 73
- LagowsGoHo2022: distribution, host, list, 10
- Laing1933: distribution, host, 676
- Leonar1906c: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 18, 32-36
- Leonar1920: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 218
- Lepage1938: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 255, 405
- LepineMi1931: distribution, host, 248
- Lindin1910b: distribution, host, taxonomy, 45
- Lindin1911: taxonomy, 358
- Lindin1912b: taxonomy, 192
- Lindin1938: taxonomy, 9, 10
- LiuCaFe2020: key, 398
- Lizery1938: distribution, host, 343, 357
- LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 126
- LongoMaPe1999a: distribution, 149
- Lupo1938a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 311
- MacGil1921: distribution, host, taxonomy, 367, 374
- MacharKiHe2021: distribution, host, 4
- Malump2013: distribution, key, 273
- Malump2014a: distribution, host, 75
- Mamet1943a: distribution, host, 160
- Mamet1949: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 36-37
- Mamet1956: distribution, host, 138
- Mamet1959a: distribution, host, 380
- MartinLa2011: catalog, distribution, host, 40
- MartinWoCu2022: distribution, host, 4
- Maskel1892: description, distribution, host, 16
- Maskel1892b: distribution, 71
- Maskel1893b: description, distribution, host, 211-212
- Maskel1897: taxonomy, 307
- Maskel1897a: distribution, host, 242
- Maskel1898: distribution, host, 232
- MastenSi2008: catalog, distribution, host, 105-119
- MatileOr2001: distribution, 190
- MatileWi2015: distribution, host, 72
- Maxwel1902: distribution, host, 239, 248
- McDani1924: distribution, taxonomy, 42
- McKenz1956: distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 111
- MedinaGa1977: distribution, host, 411
- Merril1953: distribution, host, 47
- MerrilCh1923: distribution, host, 233
- MifsudMaRu2014: distribution, host, 509
- MilleHeCa2016: distribution, economic importance, host, 139
- Miller2005: distribution, 487
- MillerDa1990: economic importance, taxonomy, 302
- MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, 204
- MilonaKoKo2008a: distribution, 143-147
- Morgan1888a: illustration, taxonomy, 46
- Morgan1892: distribution, host, taxonomy, 12-13
- MoutiaMa1947: distribution, host, 9
- MunroFo1936: catalog, distribution, host, 86
- Muraka1970: distribution, host, life history, 90
- NajarrSa2016: biological control, ecology, host, 19-26
- Nakaha1981a: distribution, host, 397
- Nakaha1982: distribution, 36
- Newste1900a: distribution, host, 235
- Newste1901b: distribution, host, 134
- NikolsYa1966: biological control, distribution, 256, 258, 261
- Nishid2002: catalog, 141
- NormarJo2010: ecology, host, 3
- NormarOkMi2019: diagnosis, distribution, host, 689
- NormarOkMo2019: distribution, phylogeny, taxonomy, 21, 68
- OConnoGeMa2013: distribution, host, 39
- PellizChMi2015: distribution, 72
- PellizPo2014: distribution, host, 6
- PerezG2008: distribution, 215
- PerezGCa1985: distribution, 316
- PicartMa2000: distribution, host, 16
- PooleGe1997: distribution, 348
- PriesnHo1940: biological control, distribution, 60, 67
- Reh1904b: taxonomy, 176
- RileyHo1889: taxonomy, 376-377
- Robins1917: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 18
- RodrigNaVa2019: distribution, host, 468
- RolfsFa1908: taxonomy, 10
- Ruther1915a: distribution, host, 113
- Sander1904a: distribution, host, 54
- Sankar1984: biological control, distribution, host, 23
- Sassce1912: distribution, host, taxonomy, 76, 79
- Schmut1959: taxonomy, 226
- SchmutPiKl1978: taxonomy, 330
- SeljakMa2012: description, taxonomy, 453-455
- Shinji1936b: distribution, taxonomy, 95
- Signor1869d: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 449-450
- SilvadGoGa1968: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 174
- Simmon1957: biological control, catalog, distribution, host, 4
- Simmon1969: distribution, host, 20
- Suh2016: distribution, host, key, 317, 326
- Takagi1961: distribution, host, taxonomy, 35, 41
- Takagi1970: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 53, 59, 61
- Takaha1929: distribution, host, 13, 18, 27, 76
- Takaha1935: distribution, host, 3
- Tang2001: taxonomy, 3
- Tao1978: distribution, host, 100
- Tao1999: distribution, host, 86
- Targio1867: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 14-15
- Targio1868: taxonomy, 735
- Teodor2018: distribution, history, 42
- Timber1924: biological control, distribution, 436
- TippinBe1970: distribution, host, 9
- Trabut1910: taxonomy, 40, 41
- UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S120
- VanDin1904: taxonomy, 375
- VanDin1906: taxonomy, 348
- Varshn2002: distribution, host, 64
- Vayssi1913: distribution, host, 430
- VelasqRi1969: distribution, host, 196
- WaltmaRaWi2016: distribution, 231
- Waters1941: distribution, host, 19
- Watson2001: list, 177
- Watson2002: taxonomy, 117
- Watson2002a: biological control, description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy,
- Watson2021: distribution, 523
- WeiZhFe2013: taxonomy, 94-95
- Weiss1916: distribution, host, 24
- Wester1918: host, 53
- Wester1920: distribution, host, 66
- Willia1973: distribution, host, 90
- Willia2015: taxonomy, 578
- Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 223
- WilliaBu1987: distribution, host, 95
- WilliaWa1988: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 115, 118-119, 121
- WilliaWi1988: distribution, host, taxonomy, 66
- Wilson1917: distribution, host, 24
- WongChCh1999: distribution, illustration, 23, 63
- Wu1935: taxonomy, 213
- Yang1982: distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 258, 259, 268
- Zahrad1990c: distribution, host, 16
- ZarkanApTu2021: distribution, host, 164
- Zimmer1948: distribution, host, 376, 377
