Valid Names Results

Dynaspidiotus britannicus (Newstead, 1898) (Diaspididae: Dynaspidiotus)

Nomenclatural History

Aspidiotus hederae; Newstead 1896: 279. misidentification (discovered by Newste1898, 94).
Aspidiotus britannicus Newstead 1898: 93. Type data: ENGLAND: Teddington near London, on holly, Ilex aquifolium.. Syntypes, female, Type depository: Hamburg: Zoologisches Institut und Zoologisches Museum, Universitat von Hamburg, Germany; London: The Natural History Museum, England, UK; accepted valid name Illustr.
Aspidiotus (Evaspidiotus) britannicus Newstead, 1898; Leonardi 1900: 340. change of combination
Aspidiotus latastei; Hall 1923: 20. misidentification (discovered by Danzig1993, 150).
Aspidiotus (Dynaspidiotus) britannicus Newstead, 1898; Thiem & Gerneck 1934a: 156. change of combination
Dynaspidiotus britannicus (Newstead, 1898); Ferris 1938a: 229. change of combination
Dinaspidiotus britanicus Gómez-Menor Ortega 1957: 45. misspelling of both genus and species names

Common Names

holly scale Borchs1966 McKenz1956
laurel scale MillerDa2005
bay tree scale AbdRabEv2021

Ecological Associates

Hosts:

Families: 22 | Genera: 34

Adoxaceae

Viburnum | Bodenh1949 Ferris1938a Leonar1918 Leonar1920 McKenz1956
Viburnum tinus | Danzig1993 Rungs1948

Anacardiaceae

Pistacia | Bodenh1949
Pistacia lentiscus | Bodenh1952 InserrCa1987 Rungs1948

Apocynaceae

Vinca | Bodenh1949

Aquifoliaceae

Ilex | Bodenh1949 Ferris1938a Green1928 Kaussa1954
Ilex aquifolium | Balach1932d Borchs1934 Leonar1900 McKenz1956 Newste1898
Ilex colchica | Danzig1993 Hadzib1983

Araliaceae

Hedera colchica | Danzig1993
Hedera helix | BachmaGe1950 Bodenh1949 Bodenh1952 Borchs1934 Borchs1936 Ferris1938a Kaussa1954 Leonar1918 Leonar1920

Arecaceae

Livistona | Bodenh1949
Phoenix | Bodenh1949 Borchs1934

Asparagaceae

Danae racemosa | BattagVi1987 | (= Ruscus racemosus)
Ruscus | Ferris1938a Lepage1938 McKenz1956
Ruscus aculeatus | Balach1948b Danzig1993 Hadzib1983 Kaussa1954 Moghad2013a | (= Ruscus ponticus)
Ruscus hypoglossum | Balach1932d Britto1923

Berberidaceae

Berberis | Ferris1938a McKenz1956

Buxaceae

Buxus | Bodenh1949 Ferris1938a Green1928 Green1930 Kaussa1954
Buxus balearica | Balach1932d Martin1983
Buxus rotundifolia | BachmaGe1950
Buxus sempervirens | Balach1932d Balach1937c Borchs1934 Borchs1936 Danzig1993 Hadzib1983 Martin1983 McKenz1956 | (= Buxus colchica)

Elaeagnaceae

Elaeagnus | Bodenh1949

Ericaceae

Arbutus | Bodenh1949

Fabaceae

Ceratonia siliqua | Bodenh1926 Bodenh1949 Bodenh1952 InserrCa1987
Sophora | Balach1932d Bodenh1949

Fagaceae

Quercus | Borchs1934

Lauraceae

Cinnamomum camphora | Danzig1993 Hadzib1983
Laurus | Bodenh1937 Bodenh1949 Bodenh1952 Ferris1938a
Laurus nobilis | Bodenh1924 Bodenh1952 Borchs1934 Green1925 Green1928 Hadzib1983 Kaussa1954 McKenz1956

Myrtaceae

Myrtus communis | Bodenh1949 Bodenh1952 GomezM1957 Martin1983

Oleaceae

Jasminum | Bodenh1949
Ligustrum | Bodenh1949 Borchs1934
Olea | Bodenh1924 Bodenh1937
Olea europaea | Bodenh1924 Bodenh1924a Bodenh1926 Bodenh1949 Bodenh1952
Osmanthus | Bodenh1949

Pinaceae

Abies bornmuelleriana | UlgentDo2019
Abies nordmanniana | UlgentDo2019 | Subsp. equi-trojani
Cedrus | DostbiUl2016
Cedrus atlantica | UlgentDo2019
Cedrus libani | UlgentDo2019
Picea orientalis | UlgentOz2019
Picea pungens | UlgentDo2019
Pinus | Balach1932d Bodenh1949 Zahrad1972
Pinus brutia | Martin1983 Zahrad1972
Pinus halepensis | Balach1932d Danzig1993

Rhamnaceae

Rhamnus | Bodenh1949 Ferris1938a McKenz1956
Rhamnus alaternus | Leonar1918 Leonar1920
Ziziphus | Bodenh1949
Ziziphus spina-christi | Hall1923

Rosaceae

Malus domestica | Bodenh1949 | (= Pyrus malus)
Malus prunifolia | Bodenh1949
Prunus | Bodenh1949
Prunus laurocerasus | Borchs1934 Borchs1936 Danzig1993 Hadzib1983 | (= Laurocerasus officinalis)

Rutaceae

Citrus | Bodenh1949
Citrus unshiu | Borchs1934 | (= Citrus nobilis unshui)

Taxaceae

Taxus baccata | Balach1928a Balach1932d Danzig1993 Zahrad1972

Thymelaeaceae

Daphne | Bodenh1952
Daphne gnidium | GomezM1957 Martin1983

Foes:

Families: 2 | Genera: 4

Aphelinidae

Aphytis aonidiae | RosenDe1979
Aphytis libanicus | BattagVi1987 RosenDe1979
Aphytis mytilaspidis | Gordh1979
Aphytis yasumatsui | RosenDe1979
Encarsia aspidioticola | BattagVi1987
Encarsia citrina | BattagVi1987 Gordh1979 | (= Aspidiotiphagus citrinus)

Encyrtidae

Coccidencyrtus dynaspidioti | Battag1989
Coccidencyrtus steinbergi | BattagVi1987
Eusemion cornigerum | Trjapi1989

Geographic Distribution

Countries: 28

Algeria | Balach1928a Balach1932d

Brazil

Rio Grande do Sul | Lepage1938

Canada

British Columbia | Ferris1938a

Corsica | Balach1932d

Crete | PellizPoSe2011

Croatia | Masten2007

Cyprus | Balach1948b

Czech Republic | Zahrad1977 Zahrad1990b

Egypt | AbdRabEv2021 Ezzat1958

France | Balach1932d Balach1937c FoldiGe2018

Georgia (Republic of) | BatsanKaKi2017

Abkhaz ASSR | Borchs1934 Borchs1936 Hadzib1983
Adzhar ASSR | Borchs1934 Borchs1936 Hadzib1983

Greece | ArgyriStMo1976 Korone1934

Iran | Kaussa1954

Israel | Balach1948b Bodenh1924a Bodenh1937 RosenDe1979

Italy | Leonar1918 Leonar1920 LongoMaPe1995

Sicily | InserrCa1987 Leonar1918

Latvia | Danzig1993

Lebanon | AbdulNMo2006 Bodenh1926

Madeira Islands | Balach1938a FrancoRuMa2011

Morocco | Balach1932d Rungs1948

Poland | LagowsGo2020

Portugal | Fernan1992 Seabra1942

Russia

Caucasus | Borchs1934

Slovenia | Janezi1954 SchneiOkNo2018 Seljak2010

Spain | BlayGo1993 Martin1983

Switzerland | BachmaGe1950

Turkey | Bodenh1949 Bodenh1952 KaydanUlEr2007

United Kingdom

England | Green1925 Green1928 Green1930 MalumpBa2012 Newste1898

United States

California | McKenz1956
Connecticut | Ferris1938a
Illinois | Nakaha1982
Indiana | Nakaha1982
Massachusetts | Britto1923 Ferris1938a
Michigan | Nakaha1982
Oregon | Ferris1938a SchuhMo1948
Pennsylvania | Nakaha1982
Washington | Nakaha1982

Keys

MillerDa2005: pp.29-34 ( Adult (F) ) [Field Key to Economic Armored Scales]
Danzig1993: pp.150 ( Adult (F) ) [Europe]
Ezzat1958: pp.241 ( Adult (F) ) [Egypt]
Lupo1953: pp.39 ( Adult (F) ) [Italy]
Balach1948b: pp.327 ( Adult (F) ) [Mediterranean]
Lupo1948: pp.138 ( Adult (F) ) [Italy]
Ferris1942: pp.33 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]
Britto1923: pp.371 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Connecticut]
Leonar1920: pp.29-30 ( Adult (F) ) [Italy]
DietzMo1916a: pp.289-290 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Indiana]
Lindin1907: pp.5 ( Adult (F) ) [Germany]
Newste1901a: pp.82 ( Adult (F) ) [England]

Remarks

Structure: Female scale circular or almost so, diameter 0.75-2 mm; moderately convex; colour dusky ochreous, with a broad smoky-brown central zone; exuviae central, or a little to one side, those of the larva dark yellow or dull orange; secretionary covering very thin; second secretionary covering smoky-brown (Newstead, 1898). Scale of the female gray or brown, circular, flat, exuviae subcentral; that of the male gray, oval, exuvia toward one end (Ferris, 1938a). Colour photograph by Gill (1997).
Biology: Occurring on the leaves (Ferris, 1938a). . D. britannicus develops two generations per year on cedar trees in Ankara, Turkey and overwinters as a second stage nymph. (Ülgentürk, et al., 2019)
Economic Importance: The holly scale has been recorded from several countries in the Palearctic and Nearctic regions (see Distribution). It is considered a minor pest of olive in Mediterranean countries (Argyriou, 1990), and of palms and ornamentals in various countries (Zahradnik, 1990; Gill, 1997). Dynaspidiotus britannicus feeds on the needles of cedar trees, thereby causing them discoloration and premature falling, (Ülgentürk, et al., 2019)
General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Ferris (1938a), Balachowsky (1948b), McKenzie (1956), Zahradník (1990b), Danzig (1993) and by Gill (1997).

Illustrations

Citations

AbdRabEv2021: distribution, host, 34
AbdulNMo2006: distribution, host, 517-520
Apstei1915: taxonomy, 119
Argyri1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 579-583
ArgyriStMo1976: biological control, distribution, host, 26
BachmaGe1950: distribution, host, 117
Balach1928a: distribution, host, 138
Balach1932d: distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, V; XLV
Balach1937c: distribution, host, 2
Balach1938a: distribution, host, 148
Balach1948b: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 328-331
Balach1951: taxonomy, 697
BaldanGaVi1999: biological control, 209-215
BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 258
Battag1989: biological control, distribution, host, 149-165
BattagVi1985: biological control, distribution, host, 337-340
BattagVi1987: biological control, distribution, host, 139-142
BeardsDaHo1976: economic importance, 105
BelgueBiBe2017: biological control, natural enemies, 128
BenDov2012: catalog, distribution, host, 30, 44
BenDovGe2003: catalog, 474-478
BicheArMe2022: distribution, host, 501
BlayGo1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 451-455
Bodenh1924: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 24-25
Bodenh1926: distribution, host, 42
Bodenh1935: distribution, host, 246
Bodenh1937: distribution, host, 216
Bodenh1949: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 48-50
Bodenh1952: distribution, host, taxonomy, 337
Borchs1934: distribution, host, 27-28
Borchs1935a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 24
Borchs1936: distribution, host, 130
Borchs1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 127
Borchs1937a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 35,37
Borchs1939a: distribution, taxonomy, 43
Borchs1950b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 219-220
Borchs1966: catalog, 281-282
Britto1923: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 371,372
Bustsh1958: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 219,227
ClapsWoGo2001a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 17
Cocker1899a: taxonomy, 395
Danzig1964: distribution, host, taxonomy, 651
Danzig1972: distribution, economic importance, host, taxonomy, 212-213
Danzig1993: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 150-151
DanzigPe1998: catalog, 253
DavidsMi1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 603-632
DeBach1964d: biological control, 5-18
DelBen1984: biological control, distribution, economic importance, host, 323-336
DietzMo1916a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 289,295-296
Dingle1924: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 174
DostbiUl2016: distribution, host, morphology, taxonomy, 163, 164
DowellGiJe2016: distribution, 115
Essig1913c: distribution, host, 597
Ezzat1958: distribution, 241
EzzatNa1987: distribution, 87
Fernal1903b: 253
Fernan1992: distribution, host, 60
Ferris1937c: illustration, taxonomy, 50,51,71
Ferris1938a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 229
Ferris1941e: taxonomy, 41
Ferris1942: taxonomy, 446:33
Fjeldd1996: distribution, host, 4-24
Fleury1934a: distribution, 278-289
Fleury1935: distribution, 504
Foldi2001: distribution, 303-308
FoldiGe2018: distribution, 9
FrancoRuMa2011: distribution, 11,24
GalchiUsYa2020: DNA, control,
GalchiYaNo2024: control, 2
Garcia1930: biological control, distribution, host,
Gavalo1931: distribution, host, 7
Gavril2018: reproduction, 238
Gentry1965: distribution, economic importance, host,
Gill1997: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 135-136
GomezM1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 46,53-55
GomezM1957: distribution, host, 45
GomezM1958c: distribution, host, 406
Gordh1979: biological control, 895
Green1925: distribution, host, 44
Green1928: distribution, host, 8
Green1930: distribution, host, 16
GugliuMaMa2019: distribution, host, list, 4, 5
GullanMiCo2005: structure, taxonomy, 165,182-189
Hadzib1983: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 222-223
Hall1923: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 18-19
Hall1926a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 31
Harris1916: distribution, host, 172-174
Houard1913: distribution, host, 1
Hulsen1928: chemical control, distribution, host, 285-315
Janezi1954: distribution, host, 124
Kaussa1954: distribution, host, 80
KaydanUlEr2007: catalog, distribution, host, 95
KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 16
Korone1934: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 7-8
KozarKoFe2013: distribution, taxonomy, 54
LagowsGo2020: distribution, 69
Larew1990: ecology, life history, structure, 293-300
Leonar1900: distribution, host, taxonomy, 340
Leonar1918: distribution, host, 188-189
Leonar1920: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 37-40
Lepage1938: catalog, 393
Lindin1907: taxonomy, 5
Lindin1909a: description, distribution, host, illustration, life history, taxonomy, 324-328
Lindin1912b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 87,99,176,185,196
Lindin1924: taxonomy, 174
Lindin1935: taxonomy, 128,147
LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 126
Lupo1948: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 155-159
Lupo1953: taxonomy, 39
MacGil1921: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 402
Mackie1933: distribution, host, 457
MalumpBa2012: distribution, host, 29,41
MalumpBa2012: distribution, economic importance, host, 38
Martin1983: distribution, host, taxonomy, 64
Masten2007: distribution, host, taxonomy, 1-242
McKenz1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 65-66
MifsudMaRu2014: distribution, taxonomy, 517
MillerDa1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 302
MillerDa2005: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 194-196
Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 30
MohammGh2008: distribution, 152
MullenScNo2016: DNA sequencing, genetics, phylogeny, 209
Nakaha1982: distribution, host, 34
Newste1896: taxonomy, 279
Newste1898: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 93-94
Newste1901a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 82,117-119
NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, 20, S1
PellizChMi2015: distribution, 61,68
PellizPoSe2011: distribution, host, 295
RoafMo1935: chemical control, description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 1042
RoafMo1935: description, life history, taxonomy, 1041-1043
RosenDe1979: biological control, distribution, host, 476-485,558-561
Ruhl1913: distribution, host, 79-80
Rungs1948: distribution, host, 111
Ryan1946: distribution, 124
Schmut1959: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 60,63
SchmutKlLu1957: distribution, economic importance, host, 478
SchmutKlLu1959: taxonomy, 374
SchneiFiNo2019: key, taxonomy, 92
SchneiOkNo2018: phylogeny,
SchneiSkOc2019: economic importance, 324
SchuhMo1948: biology, chemical control, diagnosis, distribution, host, illustration, 40
Seabra1942: distribution, 2
Seljak2010: distribution, host, 109
SmithEsFa1933: economic importance, 1
SoriaMoVi2000: distribution, host, 335-348
Staffo1915: structure, taxonomy, 71
Stalaz2021: distribution, host, 474
Szulcz1926: distribution, host, 137-143
TakagiRo1981: biological control, distribution, host, 314-321
Tao1999: distribution, host, taxonomy, 85
Terezn1986: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 113
ThiemGe1934a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 130-158,208-238
TranfaVi1987a: economic importance, 215-221
Trjapi1989: biological control, 301
UlgentDo2019: distribution, host, 484
UlgentDo2019: distribution, host, 486
UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S119
UlgentOz2019: distribution, host,
UlgentOzMu2019: distribution, host, life cycle, 53-55, 58
Viggia1987: biological control, distribution, host, 121-123
Watson2001: list, 177
WeidneWa1968: taxonomy, 171
Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 219
Yasar1995a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 78-80
Yasnos1994: biological control, distribution, host, 317-333
Zagain1956: distribution, 85-90
Zahrad1959b: distribution, host, 60
Zahrad1972: distribution, host, 432
Zahrad1977: distribution, taxonomy, 120
Zahrad1990: description, distribution, host, 642
Zahrad1990b: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 95-96