Valid Names Results

Dynaspidiotus abietis (Schrank, 1776) (Diaspididae: Dynaspidiotus)

Nomenclatural History

Coccus abietis Schrank 1776: 48. Type data: AUSTRIA: on Pinus.. Syntypes, female, accepted valid name Notes: Depository unknown.
Coccus arborum Schrank 1781: 295. replacement name that is unjustified (discovered by Danzig1993, 152). Replacement name for Coccus abietis Schrank, 1776
Coccus pineti Schrank 1801: 146. replacement name that is unjustified (discovered by Danzig1993, 153). Replacement name for Coccus abietis Schrank, 1776
Coccus flavus Hartig 1839: 642. junior synonym (discovered by Leonar1908a, 187). Notes: [Publication not seen]. Depository unknown.
Aspidiotus flavus (Hartig, 1839); Signoret 1870: 108. change of combination
Aspidiotus (Aspidiotus) abietis (Schrank, 1776); Cockerell 1897i: 18. change of combination
Aspidiotus (Evaspidiotus) abietis (Schrank, 1776); Leonardi 1898c: 67. change of combination
Aspidiotus (Dynaspidiotus) abietis (Schrank, 1776); Thiem & Gerneck 1934a: 131. change of combination
Aspidiotus abietis; Koroneos 1934: 9. subsequent use Notes: Incorrect citation of "(Schr.) Loew" as author.
Dynaspidiotus abietis (Schrank, 1776); Balachowsky 1948b: 336. change of combination
Nuculaspis abietis (Schrank, 1776); Lupo 1948: 204. change of combination
Dynaspidiotus abietis (Schrank, 1776); Danzig 1993: 152. revived combination (previously published)

Common Names

hemlock scale MerrilCh1923 Wilson1917
pihtovaya shitovka Borchs1936

Ecological Associates

Hosts:

Families: 7 | Genera: 11

Cupressaceae

Juniperus | Abai1995
Juniperus communis | Balach1933e Balach1948b | including var. saxatilis (= Juniperus communis var nana)

Fagaceae

Quercus pubescens | BicheArMe2022

Moraceae

Ficus carica | BicheArMe2022

Pinaceae

Abies | Bodenh1949 Borchs1934 Kaussa1954 Leonar1898c | (= Pyrus sylvestris)
Abies alba | Balach1937c Danzig1959 Zahrad1952 | (= Picea excelsa)
Abies cephalonica | Korone1934 Statha2008
Abies nebrodensis | Balach1932d
Abies nordmanniana | Bodenh1952 | including ssp. equi-trojani (= Abies bornmuelleriana)
Cedrus deodara | BatsanKaKi2017
Picea | Borchs1936 Kaussa1954
Picea abies | Balach1932d MalumpOsPy2010 Reyne1957 | (= Abies pectinata)
Picea omorika | Bachma1953
Picea orientalis | BatsanKaKi2017
Picea pungens | Zahrad1952
Pinus | Bodenh1949 Kaussa1954 Schran1776 Schran1801
Pinus brutia | Bodenh1952
Pinus echinata | Targio1884 | (= Pinus mitis)
Pinus halepensis | Balach1928a
Pinus mugo | Abai1995 Balach1948b Abai1995 | (= Pinus montana),
Pinus nigra | Abai1995 Bodenh1952
Pinus pinaster | Bachma1953 | (= Pinus laricio)
Pinus pungens | MalumpOsPy2010
Pinus rigida | Targio1884
Pinus sylvestris | Abai1995 Balach1932d Balach1935b BatsanKaKi2017 Gertss2005 Leonar1908a Leonar1920 MalumpOsPy2010 Martin1983 Newste1894 Zahrad1952 | including var. hamata
Pseudotsuga menziesii | Abai1995 | (= Pseudotsuga taxifolia)

Platanaceae

Platanus orientalis | BicheArMe2022

Rosaceae

Malus pumila | Leonar1898c
Malus sylvestris | Leonar1898c

Sapindaceae

Acer | Bodenh1949
Acer rubrum | Leonar1898c

Foes:

Families: 3 | Genera: 5

Aphelinidae

Aphytis mytilaspidis | Schmut1951
Diaspiniphagus moeris | Aligey2016 RasekhMiVa2011 | (= Diaspiniphagus similis) (= Coccophagus similis)
Encarsia aspidioticola | Balach1948b GomezM1946 RasekhMiVa2011 | (= Prospaltella aspidioticola)
Encarsia aurantii | Schmut1951 | (= Prospaltella aurantii)
Encarsia citrina | MoghadWa2021 RasekhMiVa2011 | (= Aspidiotiphagus citrinus)
Encarsia gigas | RasekhMiVa2011 | (= Prospaltella gigas)
Encarsia intermedia | Aligey2016
Encarsia leucaspidis | RasekhMiVa2011 | (= Prospaltella leucaspidis)

Coccinellidae

Chilocorus bipustulatus | Statha2008

Rosaceae

Malus sylvestris | Leonar1898c | (= Pyrus sylvestris)

Geographic Distribution

Countries: 28

Algeria | Balach1928a

Austria | MalumpKa2011a Schran1776 Schran1801

Azerbaijan | Aligey2016

Bulgaria | TrenchTo2014 Tsalev1968

Corsica | Balach1933e

Croatia | Masten2007 | Bachma1953

Czech Republic | Newste1894 Zahrad1952 Zahrad1977

Estonia | Stalaz2021

France | Balach1932d Balach1937c FoldiGe2018

Georgia (Republic of) | BatsanKaKi2017

Abkhaz ASSR | Borchs1934 Borchs1936

Germany | Lindin1909b SchmutHo2016

Greece | Korone1934 SchneiOkNo2018

Hungary | KozarKiSa2004 KozarKo2002b

Iran | Abai1995 Kaussa1954 Moghad2004

Italy | Leonar1908a Leonar1920 LongoMaPe1995 MatilePe2002

Sicily | MazzeoNuRu2016

Latvia | Stalaz2021

Lithuania | MalumpOsPy2009 MalumpOsPy2010

Luxembourg | Gertso2016 GertssSc2020

Netherlands | Reyne1957

Poland | Koteja2000a LagowsKo1996

Romania | FetykoKoDa2010 SimonMaIs2001

Russia

Karachay-Cherkessia AR | Danzig1985
St. Petersburg (=Leningrad) Oblast | Danzig1959
Volgograd Oblast | Gavril2004
Voronoezh Oblast | Gavril2003a

Slovakia | Zahrad1952

Slovenia | Janezi1954 Seljak2010

Spain | Balach1935b BlayGo1993 GomezM1937 Martin1983

Sweden | Gertss2000 Gertss2001 Gertss2005

Turkey | Bodenh1949 Bodenh1952 KaydanUlEr2007 | NormarOkMo2019

United States

Florida | MerrilCh1923 Wilson1917
Georgia | Fernal1903b
Maine | Fernal1903b
Massachusetts | Fernal1903b
Mississippi | Herric1911
New Jersey | Fernal1903b
New York | Fernal1903b

Keys

MoghadWa2021: pp.114 ( Adult (F) ) [Dynaspidiotus in Iran]
Danzig1993: pp.150 ( Adult (F) ) [Europe]
KosztaKo1978: pp.157 ( Adult (F) ) [Hungary]
Reyne1957: pp.31 ( Adult (F) ) [Netherlands]
Balach1948b: pp.327 ( Adult (F) ) [Mediterranean]
Britto1923: pp.371 ( Adult (F) ) [U.S.A.: Connecticut]
Leonar1920: pp.29-30 ( Adult (F) ) [Italy]
Comsto1883: pp.55-57 ( Adult (F) ) [North America]

Remarks

Structure: Female scale suboval, 1.8-2.1 mm; convex; contracted laterally, and truncated at apices; gray, lighter at margins; exuviae central, more or less light brown, sometimes yellow gold. Male scale same structure as that of female, but more elongated and paler; 1.4-1.6 mm (Balachowsky, 1948b). Slide-mounted adult female pyriform, prosoma sclerotized at maturity. Pygidium with 3 pairs of lobes; median lobes (L1) well-developed, each lobe symmetrical, rounded with parallel sides, with weak lateral notches on each margin; median space containing 2 fringed plates. Second lobes (L2) developed, each with a notch on outer margin; third lobes (L3) small. Plates deeply fringed; median plates same length as median lobes; lateral plates present between lobes; and plates anterolateral to L3 numbering 3 or 4 on each side. Dorsal marginal and submarginal ducts numerous, present on abdominal segments II–VIII. Perivulvar pores present in 5 groups. (Moghaddam & Watson, 2021)
Biology: Develops one annual generation a year in Greece (Stathas, 2008), and in Iran (Rasekh, et al., 2010). the oval eggs are yellowish orange, soft and attached together in a string. As the eggs dry, they separate and become paler in color. First instar nymphs are yellow, oval in shape with antennae and 3 pairs of legs. Shortly after settling, crawlers secrete a white cap that gradually changes to orange. The first molt is descernable as an abrupt color change to orange as the shed exuvia adhers to the scale cover. Thereafter, the scale does not adher to the insect. The female second instar nymph is oval, pale yellow in color with indistinct abdominal segmentation. The male second instar nymph is spindle-shaped, dark yellow in color, has distinct abdominal segmentation and ocular points clearly visible. The male secretes a silk wax underneath the scale, whereas no such sik is secreted by females. The female instar is oval in shape, yellow and has indistinct abdominal segmentation, and secretes a third white scale that males do not. Males pass through prepupal and pupal phases. Once gravid, the female ceases growth and honeydew secretion. The prepupae and putuae of males remain under the scale of the second instar nymph until emergence of the mature adult. The free-living adult male lacks functional mouthparts,is spindal shaped yellow with a wide black band on thorax and possesses a single pair of clear wings, one pair of ocelli, antennae with 10 segments and a penis.
Economic Importance: The hemlock scale caused injury to conifers in Central Europe (Schmutterer et al., 1957; Zahradnik, 1990). The pest feeds on conifer needles and twigs, causing premature needle drop and branch desiccation. (Moghaddam & Watson, 2021)
General Remarks: Description and illustration of adult female by Balachowsky (1937a, 1948b), Zahradník (1952) and by Danzig (1993).

Illustrations

Citations

Abai1995: distribution, host, 26,108-109
Bachma1953: distribution, host, 177
Balach1928a: distribution, host, 138
Balach1932d: distribution, host, taxonomy, XLVI
Balach1934a: distribution, host, 71
Balach1935b: distribution, host, 257
Balach1937c: distribution, host, 2
Balach1948b: biological control, description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 336-339
Barbey1925: distribution, host, taxonomy, 3
BatsanKaKi2017: distribution, host, 258
BicheArMe2022: distribution, host, 501
BlayGo1993: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 457-461
Bodenh1949: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 46-48
Bodenh1952: distribution, host, structure, taxonomy, 333-336
Borchs1934: distribution, host, 28
Borchs1935: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 23
Borchs1936: distribution, host, 131
Borchs1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 126-127
Borchs1937a: taxonomy, 35,37
Borchs1939: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 9,23
Borchs1950b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 215-216
Borchs1966: catalog, 274-275
Britto1923: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 371,372
Britto1924: distribution, host, 387-404
Britto1938: distribution, host, 137
Brown1916: distribution, economic importance, host, 414-422
BugajNJuKa2021: distribution, host, list, 299
Chumak1961: biological control, distribution, host, 313-338
Cocker1894l: distribution, host, taxonomy, 190
Cocker1896b: distribution, 333
Cocker1897i: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 10,18
Comsto1883: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 57-58
Danzig1959: distribution, host, 450
Danzig1964: distribution, host, taxonomy, 651
Danzig1985: distribution, 112
Danzig1993: description, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, taxonomy, 152-154
DanzigPe1998: catalog, 252
Felt1924: control, distribution, economic importance, host, life history,
Fernal1903b: 251
Ferris1941e: taxonomy, 40,46
FetykoKoDa2010: distribution, host, 299
Fjeldd1996: distribution, host, 4-24
Foldi2001: distribution, 303-308
Foldi2003: distribution, host, 151
FoldiGe2018: distribution, 9
Garcia1930: biological control, distribution, host,
Garcia1931a: biological control, distribution, host, 659-669
Gavalo1931: distribution, host, 7
Gavril2003a: distribution, host, 114
Gavril2004: distribution, host, 528
Gertso2016: distribution, host, 152
Gertss2000: distribution, host, 152
Gertss2001: distribution, 123-130
GertssSc2020: distribution, host, 135
Goidan1956: ecology, structure, 207-224
Goidan1958: structure, 387
GolanLa1998: distribution, host, 4-6
GolanLaJa2001: distribution, host, taxonomy, 229-249
GomezM1937: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 55-57
GomezM1946: distribution, host, 61
GomezM1958a: distribution, host, 7
Green1930: description, distribution, taxonomy, 16
Hartig1839: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 187
Herric1911: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 9,13,46
Jaap1914: distribution, host, 135-142
Janezi1954: distribution, host, 124
John1930: distribution, host, 3-7
Kaussa1954: distribution, host, 80
Kaweck1935: distribution, host, 75
KaydanUlEr2007: catalog, distribution, host, 95
Kohler2009a: distribution, host, 27
KohlerEi2005: distribution, host, 167
KohlerEi2006: distribution, host, 16
Komosi1974a: distribution, ecology, host, life history, 1-84
KondoWa2022a: distribution, host, list, 16
Korone1934: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 9-10
KosztaKo1978: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 157
Koteja2000a: distribution, 172
KozarKiSa2004: distribution, 61
KozarKo2002b: distribution, host, 376
KozarKoFe2013: distribution, taxonomy, 54
LagowsGo2020: distribution, 69
LagowsKo1996: distribution, host, 32
Leonar1897: taxonomy, 285
Leonar1898c: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 67-69
Leonar1908a: distribution, host, taxonomy, 187
Leonar1920: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 48-50
Lindin1907: taxonomy, 6
Lindin1909b: distribution, host, 149
Lindin1912b: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 48,250,256,328
Lindin1957: taxonomy, 550
Lobdel1937: taxonomy, 78
LongoMaPe1995: distribution, 128
Low1882: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 270-273
Lupo1948: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 204-208
MacGil1921: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 399
Malump2011a: distribution, host, illustration, 54,56-57
MalumpKa2011a: distribution, host, illustration, 53,57
MalumpOsPy2009: distribution, host, 124
Martin1983: distribution, host, taxonomy, 65
Masten2007: distribution, host, taxonomy, 1-242
MatilePe2002: distribution, host, 357
MerrilCh1923: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 197
MillerDa1990: distribution, economic importance, host, 304
Moghad2004: host, 11-12
Moghad2013a: distribution, host, 30
MoghadWa2021: diagnosis, distribution, economic importance, host, illustration, key, natural enemies, taxonomy, 114-115, 244
Nakaha1982: distribution, host, 60
Newste1894: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 179-180
NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, 20, S5
OlkowsOlKa1978: biological control, 311-347
PellizChMi2015: distribution, 61,67
RasekhMiVa2011: ecology, host, illustration, life history, 79-85
Reyne1957: distribution, host, taxonomy, 25,31
Schmut1951: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 124
Schmut1959: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 60
SchmutHo2016: distribution, host, 61, 93
SchmutKlLu1957: distribution, economic importance, host, 478
SchneiFiNo2019: key, taxonomy, 92
SchneiOkNo2018: phylogeny,
SchneiSkOc2019: economic importance, 324
Schran1781: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 295
Schran1801: description, distribution, host, life history, taxonomy, 146
Seljak2010: distribution, host, 109
Signor1870: taxonomy, 108
SimonKa2011: distribution, 240
SimonMaIs2001: distribution, host, 6-7
Stalaz2021: distribution, 453, 463
Statha2008: biological control, distribution, host, life history, 28-33
SzitaFeBe2017: distribution, host, 469
Szulcz1926: distribution, host, 137-143
Szulcz1931: distribution, host, 124-135
Szulcz1949: distribution, 219-224
Targio1884: distribution, host, taxonomy, 384
Teodor2018: distribution, history, 42
Terezn1986: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 117-119
ThiemGe1934: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 537
ThiemGe1934a: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 130-158,208-238
TrenchTo2014: distribution, 70
Ulgent1996: distribution, host, 541-548
UlgentCaKa2004: distribution, host, 100
UlgentDo2019: distribution, host, 484
UlgentErYa2022: distribution, host, S119
Willia2015: taxonomy, 581
Willia2017a: catalog, list of species, 217
WilliaBe2009: catalog, taxonomy, 6,9,22,37
Wilson1917: distribution, host, 31-32
Wolff1911: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 80
Yasar1995a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 99-101
Yasnos1994: biological control, distribution, host, 317-333
Zahrad1952: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 152-157
Zahrad1959b: distribution, host, 60
Zahrad1977: distribution, taxonomy, 120
Zahrad1990: description, distribution, host, 641