Valid Names Results
Aulacaspis difficilis (Cockerell, 1896) (Diaspididae: Aulacaspis)Nomenclatural History
- Chionaspis difficilis Cockerell 1896h: 21. Type data: JAPAN: on Elaegnus sp., 13/11/1895, by Mr. Craw. Syntypes, female, accepted valid name Notes: There is no type material of this species in the USNM or in the BMNH. It is probably lost.
- Sasakiaspis difficilis (Cockerell, 1896); Kuwana 1926: 9. change of combination
- Pseudaulacaspis difficilis (Cockerell, 1896); Lindinger 1943a: 146. change of combination
- Aulacaspis difficilis (Cockerell, 1896); Takahashi & Tachikawa 1956: 9. change of combination
Common Names
Ecological Associates
Hosts:
Families: 1 | Genera: 1
- Elaeagnaceae
- Elaeagnus | Cocker1896g
- Elaeagnus glabra | Muraka1970
- Elaeagnus macrophylla | NormarOkMo2019
- Elaeagnus pungens | Kuwana1926
- Elaeagnus rhamnoides | MeiZhLi1991 | (= Hippophae rhamnoides)
- Elaeagnus umbellata | Muraka1970
Foes:
Families: 5 | Genera: 11
- Aphelinidae
- Ablerus chionaspidis | Howard1914 | (= Azotus chionaspidis)
- Ablerus perspeciosus | NikolsYa1966 | (= Azotus perspeciosus)
- Pteroptrix | HertinSi1972
- Pteroptrix chinensis | Muraka1970
- Pteroptrix maritima | HertinSi1972
- Coccinellidae
- Chilocorus renipustulatus | Muraka1970 | (= Chilocorus kuwanae)
- Sasajiscymnus hareja | HertinSi1972 Muraka1970 | (= Pseudoscymnus hareja) (= Scymnus hareja)
- Scymnomorphus japonicus | Muraka1970 | (= Sukunahikona japonica)
- Stethorus japonicus | HertinSi1972
- Telsimia nigra | Muraka1970
- Cybocephalidae
- Cybocephalus | MeiZhLi1991
- Encyrtidae
- Adelencyrtus aulacaspidis | Muraka1970
- Zaomma lambinus | MeiZhLi1991 | (= Apterencyrtus microphagus) (= Zaomma microphagus)
- Eulophidae
- Achrysocharoides | Muraka1970
Associates:
Families: 1 | Genera: 1
- Flavobacteriaceae
- Flavobacteriaceae | RosenbSaSa2012
Geographic Distribution
Countries: 5
- China
- Gansu (=Kansu) | MeiZhLi1991
- Shanxi (=Shansi) | Tang1986
- Yunnan | Tao1999
- Zhejiang (=Chekiang) | Hua2000
- Japan | Cocker1896g
- Honshu | Shinji1936b
- Kyushu | TakahaTa1956
- Shikoku | TakahaTa1956
- Ryukyu Islands (=Nansei Shoto) | Muraka1970
- South Korea | Suh2013
- Taiwan | Takagi1970
Keys
- JianXi2024: pp.595-597 ( Adult (F) ) [Aulacaspis from China]
- TianXi2022: pp.174-176 ( Adult (F) ) [Aulacaspis species from China]
- WeiJiZh2016: pp.18-22 ( Adult (F) ) [Aulacaspis from China]
- Suh2013: pp.6 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Aulacaspis in Korea]
- Chen1983: pp.35 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Aulacaspis]
- Chou1982: pp.128 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to Chinese species of Aulacaspis]
- Paik1978: pp.304 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Aulacaspis]
- Takagi1961a: pp.88 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Aulacaspis]
- Kuwana1926: pp.9 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Sasakiaspis from Japan] Key as: Sasakiaspis difficilis
- MacGil1921: pp.327 ( Adult (F) ) [Key to species of Chionaspis] Key as: Chionaspis difficilis
Remarks
- Systematics: Aulacaspis difficilis is close to A. spinosa, but differs in the numbers of the marginal gland spines and the presence or absence of microducts in front of the vulvar opening. In general, the dorsal macroducts are more numerous and the lateral macroducts are less so in A. difficilis than in A. spinosa. The median lobes are also somewhat different in shape between the two, though in either species these lobes are somewhat variable (Takagi, 1970).
- Structure: Female scale about 2mm long, irregular, round to subelongate, slightly woolly in texture, white, moderately convex; exuviae to one side, rather inconspicuous, second skin black; first skin pale straw color. Male scale white, tricarinate, exuviae almost colorless. Adult female plump and orange with a slight purple tinge (Cockerell, 1896g).
- Biology: Nymphs emerge in the middle of May (Tachikawa, 1955b).
- General Remarks: Detailed description by Takagi (1970).
Illustrations
Citations
- AndersWuGr2010: phylogeny, taxonomy, 997-1003
- Azim1961: biological control, distribution, 106
- Borchs1966: catalog, distribution, host, taxonomy, 136-137
- CampbeLaHu2014: phylogeny, 532, 533
- Chen1983: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 35, 41-42, 127
- Chou1982: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 128, 138-139
- Chou1986: illustration, 529
- Cocker1896g: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 42-43
- Cocker1896h: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 21
- Craw1896: distribution, host, 38
- DanzigPe1998: catalog, distribution, host, 195-196
- Fernal1903b: distribution, host, 215
- Ferris1956: taxonomy, 73
- Fulmek1943: biological control, catalog, distribution, 23
- Garcia1922: biological control, distribution, 197
- Garcia1930: biological control, distribution, 66
- HertinSi1972: biological control, 176
- Howard1914: biological control, distribution, 85
- Hua2000: distribution, host, taxonomy, 148
- JianXi2024: key, 596
- Kawai1972: distribution, taxonomy, 36
- Kawai1977: distribution, 156
- Kawai1980: distribution, taxonomy, 296
- KozarWa1985: catalog, distribution, 82
- KozarzMi1983: taxonomy, 70
- Kuwana1917a: taxonomy, 15
- Kuwana1926: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 9, 11-14
- Lindin1935: taxonomy, 130
- Lindin1943a: taxonomy, 146
- Lindin1957: taxonomy, 547
- MacGil1921: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 327
- MeiZhLi1991: biological control, distribution, illustration, taxonomy, 18-19
- MorseNo2006: phylogeny, taxonomy, 340
- Muraka1970: biological control, distribution, host, 86
- NikolsYa1966: biological control, distribution, 237
- NiuCaWe2023: genebank, phylogeny, 304, 310
- NormarOkMo2019: distribution, host, phylogeny, taxonomy, 14, 74
- Paik1978: taxonomy, 304
- Paik1982: taxonomy, 27
- Pember1963: 681
- RosenbSaSa2012: ecology, molecular data, physiology, 2357-2368
- Sakai1935: distribution, host, 299
- Shinji1936b: distribution, taxonomy, 95-96
- Suh2013: description, distribution, host, illustration, physiology, taxonomy, 2-3
- Suh2020: distribution, host, 8
- Tachik1955: distribution, host, 55-56
- Takagi1961a: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 81-83, 85, 88
- Takagi1969a: distribution, taxonomy, 24
- Takagi1970: description, distribution, host, taxonomy, 98-99
- TakagiKa1966: taxonomy, 114
- TakahaTa1956: description, distribution, host, illustration, 9-10
- Tang1986: description, distribution, host, illustration, taxonomy, 187, 293
- Tao1978: distribution, host, 103
- Tao1999: distribution, host, 75
- TianXi2022: distribution, key, 173, 175
- Vazira1982: biological control, distribution, 29
- WeiJiZh2016: key, 19
- Xie1998: description, distribution, taxonomy, 132-133
- Yang1982: taxonomy, 239, 243
